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BIOL 224 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the urinary system?

A

Elimination
Excretion
Homeostatic Regulation of blood plasma

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2
Q

What structures contribute to the elimination role of the urinary system?

A

Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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3
Q

What is elimination?

A

Discharge of waste products out of the body

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4
Q

What structure contributes to the excretion role of the urinary system?

A

The kidney

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5
Q

What is excretion?

A

Removal of organic waste products from body fluids, that produce urine

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6
Q

What structure contributes to the homeostatic regulation of blood plasma role of the urinary system?

A

The kidney

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7
Q

How does the kidney maintain homeostatic regulation of blood plasma?

A
  • Regulates BV and BP
  • Regulates plasma ion concentrations
  • Stabilizing blood pH
  • Conserves nutrients
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8
Q 
The kidneys produce urine from:
A. liquids directly transported to kidneys after swallowing
B. Products filtered from blood
C. Water in digestive tract
D. Excess fluids in the body
E. Extracellular fluid
A

B. Products filtered from blood

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9
Q

Everytime your heart beats, what percent of cardiac output goes to the kidneys?

A

25%

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10
Q

If your BV goes up, you

A

have higher BP

Larger amount of urine

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11
Q

If your BC goes down, you

A

Have lower BP
Absorb more water
Smaller and more concentrated amount of urine

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12
Q

Smooth muscle ____ force urine toward the urinary bladder

A

Peristaltic contractions

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13
Q

What is a ureter?

A

12 inch tube of smooth muscle where urine is sent following filtration

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14
Q

What division of the ANS controls urination?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

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15
Q

What muscle is responsible for emptying the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

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16
Q

Which urinary sphincter is involuntary: internal or external?

A

Internal

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17
Q

Right before ejaculation, the _____ closes tightly to prevent semen and urine from mixing

A

Internal urinary sphincter

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18
Q

After childbirth, women have more leakage because _____ is beat up after the baby leaves your body

A

the external urinary sphincter

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19
Q

You gain control of the external urinary sphincter between ______ and _____ years old because synapses need time to form

A

2 and 3 years old

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20
Q

Define urination (voiding)

A

Expelling urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra

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21
Q

Urination is coordinated by the ________

A

micturition reflex

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22
Q

What is the micturition reflex?

A

When your urinary bladder becomes stretched, you consciously sense bladder distentsion, and signals go to ANS to cause relflexive contraction of detrusor muscle

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23
Q

What does the micturition reflex occur in response to?

A

Stretched bladder

Parasympathetic input

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24
Q

Urination requires coupling the _____ with the _____

A

Micturition reflex

Relaxation of internal and external urethral sphincters

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25
Q

After overriding the signal to urinate, why does it take a second to finally urinate instead of immediately happening?

A

When you finally go to urinate, you have to relax the external urinary sphincter, and it takes a second for your body to understand that it is now open and to relax the internal urinary sphincter

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26
Q

The coupling of the micturition reflex refers to

A

The relaxation of both the internal and external urinary sphincters in order to urinate

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27
Q

Define incontinence

A

Inability to voluntarily prevent the release of urine

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28
Q

Incontinence is most common

A

among females

especially after childbirth

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29
Q

Define urinary retention

A

Inability to voluntarily release urine

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30
Q

Urinary retention is most common

A

among males

due to an enlarged prostate

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31
Q

Why does an enlarged prostate lead to urinary retention?

A

As the prostate grows, it pushes on the urethra so not as much urine can be expelled from the bladder, increasing the sensation of needing to urinate but being unable to

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32
Q

What are the two types of UTI’s?

A

Urethritis

Cystitis (inflammation of the bladder)

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33
Q

UTI’s can occur anywhere along the urinary tract, but are most commonly found in

A

the urethra

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34
Q

Why are UTI’s more common in females?

A

Shorter urethra

Closer to vagina so easily exposed to pathogens during intercourse

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35
Q

What is the body’s natural way of getting rid of UTI’s?

A

Urination (flushes bacteria out)

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36
Q

The kidney contains how many nephrons and what is the nephron’s job?

A

1.25 million

To make urine

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37
Q

The renal medulla consists of collecting ducts that drain urine from

A

neprhron to calyces

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38
Q

Calyces drain urine into the

A

central renal pelvis

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39
Q

The renal pelvis drains urine into the

A

ureter

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40
Q

What three structures focus mainly on getting urine out of the body?

A

Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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41
Q

What structures make urine?

A

Kidneys

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42
Q

Describe the general overview of the urine making process

A

25% of cardiac output comes into the renal artery, and blood travels up to the nephrons. Collectingducts take the urine and drain into the calyxes which then drain into the ureter.

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43
Q

Following the urine making process, cleaned up blood leaves through ___ and extra waste leaves through ____

A

renal vein

ureter

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44
Q

The renal corpuscle is composed of

A

Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus capillary bed

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45
Q

The renal tubule consists of

A

PCT
Loop of Henle
DCT

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46
Q

What is filtrate?

A

Fluid pushed from glomerulus into capsular space

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47
Q

The renal corpuscle is responsible for

A

the production of filtrate from blood

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48
Q

The renal tubules are responsible for

A
  • Reabsorption of organic nutrients and water and ions from filtrate into blood stream
  • Secretion of waste products into filtrate
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49
Q

____ arterioles supply blood to the capillary bed of the glomerulus in the renal corpuscles

A

Afferent

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50
Q

____ arterioles collect blood leaving the glomerulus capillary bed

A

Efferent

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51
Q

______ capillaries surround the renal tubules

A

Peritubular

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52
Q

Peritubular capillaries are responsible for

A

Collecting nutrients, water, and ions reabsorbed out of filtrate

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53
Q

The glomerular capillary bed is unique because

A

It does not possess any venules

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54
Q

Because the glomerulus does not possess any venules, it is not a capillary bed that exists for ____

A

Oxygen delivery

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55
Q

The main goal of the glomerulus is for

A

Fluid to be pushed out to make filtrate

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56
Q

Trace the pathway of blood through glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

A

Oxygenated blood comes through afferent arteriole
Filtrate is formed
Oxygenated blood leaves through efferent arteriole
Oxygenated blood travels through peritubular capillary where item exchange occurs
Deoxygenated blood leaves via renal vein

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57
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

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58
Q

What type of nephrons make up the majority of all nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons

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59
Q

Compare cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Cortical: loop of henle are shorter; located in cortex
Juxtamedullary: Loop of henle longer; located in renal pyramids

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60
Q

Which type of nephron produces more concentrated urine?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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61
Q

What causes water and solutes to move out of glomerular capillaries and into renal tubules?

A

Blood pressure

62
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

The removal of water and solutes from filtrate into peritublar fluid

63
Q

What is peritubular fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid surrounding renal tubule andperitubular capillaries

64
Q

What is secretion?

A

Transport of solutes form the peritubular fluid into the filtrate

65
Q

Blood pressure has to be ____ than factors that pull blood out of the nephron loop in order to make filtrate

A

greater than

66
Q

Something that is reabsorbed travels through ____

A

peritubular fluid first then to peritubular capillary bed

67
Q

Reabsorption and secretion occur via ________ across epithelial cells forming the wall of renal tubule

A

Epithelial cells

68
Q

What are the three types of carrier mediated transport?

A

Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Cotransport

69
Q

The main type of transport used in reabsorption and secretion is

A

facilitated diffusion

70
Q

Glucose is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries by hitching a ride with

A

Sodium

71
Q

What are the characteristics of carrier proteins?

A
  • Specific for a particular molecule
  • Transport only in one direction
  • Distribution of carrier proteins vary
  • Can be controlled by hormones
72
Q

Almost all of your glucose is reabsorbed in the_____

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

73
Q

What is the transport maximum?

A

Carrier proteins have a renal threshold for reabsorption of substances in tubular fluid

74
Q

When carrier proteins reach transport maximum what happens?

A

You have made all of the carrier proteins you can make and any excess that can no longer be reabsorbed is “lost” in urine

75
Q

Protein creation is controlled by hormones in the

A

Distal convoluted tubule

76
Q

If sodium levels drop what horomone is secreted to tell the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium?

A

Aldosterone

77
Q

Presence of aldosterone tells your body to

A

Transcribe a sodium channel which is put in the membrane and sodium becomes reabsorbed in the blood

78
Q

Diabetes means what for the kidneys?

A

High glucose exceeds transport maximum so it is lost in urine
Higher osmotic potential is present within the nephron so you secrete more water from the blood

79
Q

Why don’t plasma proteins and large molecules cross the glomerulus?

A

3 layers of glomerular filtration prevent them from crossing the barrier

80
Q

What are the three layers of the glomerulus?

A

Capillary endothelium
Lamina densa
Podocytes

81
Q

What is the function of podocytes?

A

Cover lamina densa of capillaries and produce filtration slits

82
Q

Renal corpuscles have fenestrated capillary beds to

A

allow for easy exchange of materials

83
Q

Materials are transferred from blood to nephron via

A

Filtration slits

84
Q

The net filtration pressure is the sum of

A

opposing forces ( Blood pressure, Capsular Hydrostatic pressure, Blood osmotic pressure)

85
Q

What is the equation for filtration pressure?

A

FP= BHP-CsHP-BOP

86
Q

What is the blood pressure at the glomerulus and is it constant? What direction does it push fluid?

A

50 mmHg
yes
Pushes fluid out of glomerulus

87
Q

What is the pressure of CHP? Is it constant? What direction does it push fluid?

A

15 mmHg
yes
Pushes fluid into glomerulus

88
Q

What is the pressure of BOP? Is it constant? What direction does it push fluid?

A

25 mmHg
yes
Pushes fluid into glomerulus

89
Q

What is the normal filtration pressure that the kidneys work to maintain?

A

10 mmHg

90
Q

The kidneys produce how much filtrate per day?

A

180 L/day

91
Q

Glomerular filtration rate is

A

The rate at which fluid is pushed out of glomerulus and filtered

92
Q

GFR is effected by

A
  • changes in blood pressure
  • changes in blood osmotic pressure
  • changes in fluid movement in renal tubules causing a build up of pressure in renal capsule
  • blockage of filtration slits in glomerulus
93
Q

Anything that alters the filtration pressure will alter

A

the GFR

94
Q

When the GFR is effected by factors that alter net filtration pressure also cause changes in urine

A

output and composition

95
Q

Low blood pressure will _____ filtration

A

Decrease

96
Q

If you’re dehydrated and your bp drops to 40 mmHg, what happens to GFR?

A

It falls to zero

97
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Blockage of filtration slits by antigen- antibody complexes in the blood

98
Q

What are the implications of glomerulonephritis?

A

Fluids cannot move out of capillaries
GFR decreases
Urine production falls

99
Q

What is nephritis?

A

Inflammation of the kidney

100
Q

What are the implications of nephritis?

A

Swelling causes increased capsular pressure so filtration rate slows

101
Q

When the glomerulus is damaged

A

capillaries become very permeable
Plasma proteins and RBC’s enter filtrate
Less net BOP pulling water into blood
Increase GFR and urine production

102
Q

What is proteinuria

A

Plasma proteins appear in urine

103
Q

What is hematuria

A

Blood cells appear in urine

104
Q

What are the controlling factors of the GFR?

A
  • Autoregulation
  • Sympathetic ANS
  • Renin-angiotensin
105
Q

What hormones influence kidney reabsorption and secretion?

A
  • PTH and Calcitonin
  • Aldosterone
  • Anti-diuretic hormone
106
Q

The kidneys ________ afferent and efferent arteriole diameters in order to keep GFR constant despite changes in systemic BP

A

autoregulate

107
Q

If BP decreases, how do the kidneys accomodate the drop in pressure?

A
  • Dilate afferent arteriole
  • Dilate glomerular capillaries
  • Constrict efferent arteriole
108
Q

If BP increases, how do kidneys accomodate the rise in pressure?

A

Constrict the afferent arteriole

109
Q

What type of regulation can over-ride autoregulation of the kidneys?

A

Sympathetic ANS regulation

110
Q

What effective does hypotensive (hemorrhaging) stress produce on the GFR?

A

strong vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole, reduced blood flow to glomerulus

111
Q

What effect does overheating and exercise stress produce on the GFR?

A
  • Blood is diverted away from kidney by vasodilation of arterioles in skin and skeletal muscles
112
Q

Renin is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to stimulate a drop in filtration pressure which in turn

A
  • Increases blood volume and BP

- Triggers formation of angiotensin II

113
Q

Trace the pathway of how Renin triggers the release of angiotensin II

A

Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Angiotensin I moves through lungs, meets ACE (enzyme)
ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Angiotensin II increases blood volume and pressure

114
Q

Nitrogenous wastes are made when we break down

A

proteins

115
Q

Almost all of our ammonia is converted to

A

Urea

116
Q

If urea is present in the body

A

Kidneys go into overdrive to put out as much urine as possible to get all of the urea out

117
Q

What is the normal range of pH

A

4.5-8 (Avg 6)

118
Q

What percent of normal urine is water?

A

93-97%

119
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule’s function is to

A

reabsorb nutrients and ions by carrier mediated transport

120
Q

The PCT reabsorbs what percent of filtrate?

A

60-70%

121
Q

The function of the descending limb of nephron loop is to

A

absorb water via osmosis

Impermeable to solutes

122
Q

Which limb is thicker?

A

Ascending

123
Q

The ascending limb of nephron loop functions to

A

Reabsorb Na+ and Cl-

Impermeable to water

124
Q

What is the function of distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts?

A

Depends on the levels of hormones

125
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

To produce filtrate

126
Q

Most reabsorption of nutrients at the PCT is done through

A

Carrier mediated transport

127
Q

____ ions might be secreted out of blood if blood is too acidic to maintain normal pH

A

H+ ions

128
Q

Increased osmolarity from NaCl transport from ascending limb results in increased movement of _______ from the descending limb

A

water

129
Q

pH of blood is controlled by the varying amounts of _____ secreted or _____ reabsorbed

A

H+ secreted

HCO3- reabsorbed

130
Q

The presence of parathyroid hormone causes

A

Active reabsorption of Ca2+ ions to raise calcium levels

131
Q

Presence of Calcitonin causes

A

Active secretion of Ca 2+ ions to lower calcium levels

132
Q

Presence of Aldosterone causes

A

Active reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in exchange for K+

133
Q

Presence of ADH causes

A

Reabsorption of water

134
Q

Aldosterone is released in response to

A

High K+
Low Na+
low BP

135
Q

Aldosterone increases the synthesis of

A

Transport proteins for absorption of Na+ and secretion of K+

136
Q

In the absence of aldosterone

A

Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion is minimal in DCT and collecting ducts

137
Q

ADH characteristics include

A
  • Facultative water reabsorption

- Creates water channels in the membrane to move water from DCT into blood

138
Q

In the absence of ADH

A

water reabsorption is low in DCT and collecting ducts

139
Q

Normal levels of ADH is enough to reabsorb ______ liters of the 27 L/day entering the DCT

A

25-26

140
Q

ADH regulation is controlled primarily by

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

141
Q

High levels of ADH are released in response to

A

high blood osmolarity
Low water content
Low BP
Low BV

142
Q

Less ADH is released in response to

A

High water content in blood
Low osmolarity
High BP
High BV

143
Q

Release of ADH can also effect the baroreceptors in the heart that respond to

A

blood pressure

144
Q

If you are taking an ACE inhibitor or drink alcohol

A

you will supress ADH and excrete a low concentrated urine

145
Q

What are the problems that result from micturition reflex

A

Incontinence

Urinary retention

146
Q

Urinary retention occurs as a result of

A

prostate gland hypertrophy (enlargement)

147
Q

Incontinence is common after

A

childbirth

148
Q

Kidney stones can be made of

A

Calcium, magnesium, or uric acid crystals

149
Q

As we age, we lose functional nephrons and have a reduced sensitivity to

A

ADH

150
Q

Reduced sensitivity of ADH leads to

A

incontinence because you aren’t absorbing any water

151
Q

One method of treating large kidney stones is

A

Shock wave lithotripsy

BIOL 224 (6 decks)

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