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BIOL 224 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete cell product into interstitial fluids around cell or into blood stream

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2
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete cell product onto body surface (internal or external)

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3
Q

Hormones are chemical messengers that have to go through _______

A

Your blood

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4
Q

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released _______

A

Across a synapse

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5
Q

What are some examples of exocrine secretions?

A

Sweat, Tears, Gastrin

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6
Q

What jobs does the endocrine system have?

A

Regulation of:

  • fluid balance and ion concentration
  • absorption of nutrients
  • metabolism and growth
  • sexual characteristics and reproduction
  • body’s response to stress
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7
Q

Does the endocrine system occur over short, rapid processes or slow, long processes?

A

Slow, long processes

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8
Q

Name the type of transmission, chemical mediators, and distribution of effects of Direct communication.

A
  • Gap Junctions
  • Ions, small solutes, lipid soluble materials
  • Limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are connected
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9
Q

Name the type of transmission, chemical mediators, and distribution of effects of Paracrine communication

A
  • Extracellular fluid
  • Paracrine factors
  • Limited to local area with high concentration, and target cells with appropriate receptors
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10
Q

Name the type of transmission, chemical mediators, and distribution of effects of endocrine communication.

A
  • Circulatory system
  • Hormones
  • Target cells are on other tissues and organs and must have appropriate receptors
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11
Q

Name the type of transmission, chemical mediators, and distribution of effects of synaptic communication.

A
  • Synaptic clefts
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Limited to a specific area; target cells must have appropriate receptors
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12
Q

Paracrine factors are nicknamed ______ despite the fact they are not hormones

A

Local hormones

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13
Q

Why are paracrine factors not hormones?

A

They diffuse into interstitial fluid only, not the blood.

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14
Q

Because hormones travel via blood, they reach almost all body cells but only produce effects in _____

A

Target cells that have receptors for the hormone

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15
Q

Do protein based or lipid based hormones take longer to be removed from the body?

A

Lipid based hormones

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16
Q

What are the three types of hormones?

A

Amines
Peptide hormones
Lipid derivatives

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17
Q

Name examples of an amine hormone

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Thyroid hormones

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18
Q

Name examples of peptide hormone

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Growth Hormone
All 9 pituitary hormones

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19
Q

The big faker of the hormones is _____ because it is actually an amine but acts as a lipid derivative to bind to a transport protein

A

Thyroid hormone

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20
Q

Name examples of lipid derivative hormone

A

Steroids (estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone)

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21
Q

The majority of hormones are ____

A

proteins

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22
Q

Protein hormones (amines and peptides) are soluble in your blood stream, so they are _______

A

freely circulating

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23
Q

Lipid derivatives have a cholesterol back bone so it doesn’t freely circulate in order to avoid

A

Blocking vessels

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24
Q

Lipid derivatives must be bound to a ______ to freely circulate

A

Transport protein

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25
Q

Which type of hormone takes the longest to break down?

A

Lipid derivatives

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26
Q

What type of effect does a protein based hormone have on a cell?

A

It binds to a receptor, activates cAMP or calcium (acts as a 2nd messenger) begins transcription translation to turn the cell on or off

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27
Q

What type of effect does a lipid based hormone have on a cell?

A

Passes directly through the cell membrane to turn the cell on or off and increase/decrease mitochondria production

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28
Q

Amines and peptide hormones produce an effect on a cell via a ______

A

Second messenger/ G protein

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29
Q

Lipid soluble hormones have receptors in the _____

A

Cytoplasm

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30
Q

Protein soluble hormones have receptors in the ____

A

Cell membrane

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31
Q

What types of hormones can cross the cell membrane?

A

Steroids and thyroid hormone

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32
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones produce an effect on a cell?

A

Controlling gene expression and ATP synthesis

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33
Q

Describe how insulin lets glucose into the cell

A

Insulin binds to receptor on cell membrane
G protein is activated
G protein activates cAMP production
cAMP (or calcium) acts as 2nd messenger
2nd messenger triggers transcription translation
Back door opens and lets glucose into the cell

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34
Q

When a peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell:
A. The hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm
B. The cell membrane becomes hyperpolarized
C. A 2nd messenger is produced or removed from cytoplasm
D. The hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA

A

C. a 2nd messenger is produced or removed from cytoplasm

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35
Q

Reflexes control endocrine activity via a ______ feedback loop

A

Negative

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36
Q

What contains most of the receptors that detects something needing to change in the body and triggers a hormonal response?

A

Hypothalamus

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37
Q

Simple endocrine reflexes are located in

A

The gland itself

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38
Q

Simple reflexes have an effect only on

A

The gland itself

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39
Q

What is an example of a simple endocrine reflex?

A

Glucose levels in blood control insulin release by endocrine cells of pancreas

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40
Q

Simple reflexes produce _____ effects while complex reflexes produce____ effects

A

Direct

Indirect

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41
Q

Complex endocrine reflexes involve

A

Two or more hormones

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42
Q

Name 3 examples of complex reflexes:

A
  • TH controls release of TRH by hypothalamus
  • TRH controls release of TSH by pituitary gland
  • TSH control thyroid gland secretion of TH
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43
Q

Trace the pathway of thyroid hormone

A

Hypothalamus releases TRH into blood stream
TRH comes back and triggers release of TSH from adenohypophysis
TSH enters bloodstream and goes to Thyroid gland
Thyroid gland releases T4
Enzyme breaks a bond of T4 to make T3

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44
Q

What part of the pituitary gland is made up of neural tissue?

A

Neurohypophysis

45
Q

The pituitary gland as a whole releases ______ hormones that are all _____ hormones

A

9 hormones

peptide hormones

46
Q

Hormones released from the adenohypophysis is controlled by _______ secreted by the hypothalamus

A

Regulatory hormones

47
Q

Hypothalamus neurons release regulatory hormones into fenestrated capillaries of the __________

A

hypophyseal portal system

48
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

capillary network surrounding the hypothalamus

49
Q

What does a fenestrated capillary mean?

A

Hormones travel in and out super easily because of gaps present in the beds

50
Q

Tropic hormones means that the hormone

A

does not have a direct effect

51
Q

Most of the hormones released by the adenohypophysis have a ____ effect

A

Indirect

52
Q

What hormones are considered gonadotropins?

A

FSH and LH

53
Q

GnRH is only released at puberty if there is enough

A

body fat

54
Q

In a male, a constant stream of _____ is produced

A

LH

55
Q

Prolactin stimulates the development of ____ and ____

A

Mammary glands

Milk production

56
Q

MSH stimulates _____ and is produced in very small amounts

A

melanin pigment production in skin

57
Q

Growth hormone causes release of ______ from liver

A

somatomedins

58
Q

What do somatomedins do?

A

increase in aa uptake in skeletal muscle and cartilage
Stimulates protein synthesis
Cell growth

59
Q

______ has both direct and indirect effects

A

Growth Hormone

60
Q

What is an indirect effect of GH?

A

Causes liver to produce somatomedins that will go to the entire body to pick up protein synthesis

61
Q

What is a direct effect of GH?

A

Epithelial and connective tissue growth and breakdown of lipids

62
Q

The hormones of the adenohypophysis are called tropic hormones because

A

They stimulate other glands to secrete hormones

63
Q

The neurohypophysis secretes hormones in a different way than the adenohypophysis because

A

Hormones are secreted through axon terminals of nerve cells and into the capillary bed

64
Q

What types of cells are present in the thyroid gland?

A

C cells and follicle cells

65
Q

What do C cells produce, where are they located, and what effect does the secretion have on the body?

A

Calcitonin
Thyroid gland
Tones down calcium levels

66
Q

Calcitonin _____ calcium levels while _____ increases it

A

tones down

pTH

67
Q

What do follicle cells produce?

A

Thyroid hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine

68
Q

What is the structure of thyroid hormones?

A

An amino acid attached to iodide ions

69
Q

90% of thyroid secretions are

A

T4 (thyroxine)

70
Q

____ is the active form of the thyroid hormone?

A

T3

71
Q

Thyroid hormones are ____ but act as if they are _____

A

Amines

Lipid derivatives

72
Q

The hypothalamus only has ____ receptors to monitor thyroid hormone

A

T4

73
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormone?

A

To produce strong and short increase in the rate of cellular metabolism and use of energy

74
Q

The thyroid hormone does not need a membrane receptor, so it simply enters the cell and binds to ____ to increase energy production

A

mitochondria

75
Q

Thyroid hormone deficiency is worse when you are a _____ because you are still growing

A

Child

76
Q

Low thyroid hormone could lead to

A

Stunted growth

effected bones, muscles, and nervous system

77
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Low thyroid hormone
weight gain
tiredness
low body temp

78
Q

What is hyper thyroidism

A

High thyroid hormone
caused by Grave’s disease
weight lost
high body temp

79
Q

What is goiter?

A

Enlarged thyroid gland

Not enough iodine in diet

80
Q

Why does iodine effect thyroid function?

A

Thyroid continuously makes precursers of thyroid hormone to be stored in follicle cavities. When iodine is in the diet, it kicks out the thyroid hormone. If you don;t have enough iodine, the hormone builds and builds

81
Q

What type of levels does a person with goiter have?

A

Low levels of T3 and T4

High levels of TSH

82
Q

Which of the following would be expected in a case of a tumor that causes hyper-parathyroidism
A. levels of PTH go up
B. Calcium ion concentrations would become abnormally high
C. Bones would become weakened due to loss of calcium
D. all of the above

A

D. all of the above

83
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
(but mostly epinephrine)

84
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes

A

steroid hormones (aldosterone, glucocorticoids, androgens)

85
Q

The adrenal cortex is stimulated by ______ to secrete steroid hormones

A

ACTH

86
Q

Andgrogens

A

produce testosterone

87
Q

80% of adrenal medulla’s secretions are

A

Epinephrine

88
Q

Epinephrine secretion causes

A

breakdown of glycogen in liver
Breakdown of fat to release fatty acfids
Increased cardiac contractions

89
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation is _____ while sympathetic stimulation is _____

A

Localized

Widespread

90
Q

Pineal gland secretes

A

Melatonin

91
Q

Which of the following endocrine glands are composed of neural cells?

A

Adrenal medulla

Posterior pituitary gland

92
Q

Most of the pancreas is made up of ____ cells

A

Exocrine cells

93
Q

The endocrine cells of the pancreas release hormones involved in the

A

regulation of blood glucose levels

94
Q

Alpha cells secrete ______ in the pancreas

A

glucagon in response to low blood sugar

95
Q

Beta cells secrete _____ in the pancreas

A

insulin in response to high blood sugar

96
Q

The pancreas is the only gland that secretes enzymes that break down all

A

macromolecules

97
Q

Insulin

A
  • lowers blood sugar
  • increases glucose uptake in insulin dependent cells
  • increased uptake of fatty acids and synthesis of triglycerides
  • increased uptake of amino acids and synthesis of proteins
98
Q

All cells are insulin dependent except

A

neural cells

99
Q

Glucagon

A
  • raises blood sugar
  • increases glycogen breakdown
  • increases glucose manufacture by liver
  • increased release of fatty acids from adipose tissue
100
Q

If glucagon is released, glycogen breakdown would look like what in the liver and muscle?

A
  • glucose remains in muscle cells

- glucose released into blood from liver

101
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Polyuria

Inadequate ADH secretion

102
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A

Polyuria
Glycosuria
Hyperglycemia

103
Q

Type 1 diabetes is where

A

Your body attacks the beta cells of your pancreas so you stop producing insulin and cannot get glucose into your cells

104
Q

Type 2 diabetes is where

A

Receptor for insulin on a cell is blocked so insulin cannot open the cell to let glucose in

105
Q

Adipose tissue secretes what two hormones?

A

Leptin and resistin

106
Q

What does leptin do?

A

feedback control for appetite

107
Q

What does resistin do?

A

Reduces insulin sensitivity (blocks insulin receptors)

108
Q

Kidneys secrete hormones that

A

regulate blood volume
blood pressure
blood calcium

BIOL 224 (6 decks)

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