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BIOL 224 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the female gametes and what do they produce?

A

Ovaries:

  • Eggs (ova)
  • Estrogens
  • Progesterone
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2
Q

What are the male gametes and what do they produce?

A

Testes:

  • Sperm (spermatozoa)
  • Androgens (testosterone)
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3
Q

What are the male ducts and what is their functions?

A
  • To transport gametes
  • Epididymus
  • Ductus deferens
  • urethra
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4
Q

What are the female ducts and what are their functions?

A
  • To transport gametes and is site of fertilization

- Uterine tubes

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5
Q

What is the function of accessory glands in the reproductive system?

A

To secrete fluids into ducts to support gametes

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6
Q

What percent of semen is actual sperm?

A

5%

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7
Q

Fertilization, should it occur, will take place in the

A

first third of the uterine tube

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8
Q

Fertilization must occur within

A

24 hours of ovulation

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9
Q

If an egg is not fertilized, it will be

A

Reabsorbed by phagocytes

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10
Q

Menstruation is the

A

Shedding of the endometrium (functional zone) when no implantation occurs

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11
Q

What are the female reproductive organs and their functions?

A
  • Uterus, vagina, mammary glands

- Provide for fetal development, delivery, and nutrition for infant

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12
Q

What is the external genitalia for males?

A

Penis and Scrotum

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13
Q

What is the external genitalia for females?

A

Clitoris, Labia minora and majora

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14
Q

In order to release GnRH at puberty, an individual must have an adequate level of

A

Leptin from adipose tissue

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15
Q

GnRH is released ______ in males and ______ in females

A

Steady rate

Cyclic increments

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16
Q

Males create gametes

A

Continuously

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17
Q

Females produce _____ gamete

A

One gamete per month

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18
Q

GnRH triggers the release of ____ and ____ at the adenohypophysis

A

FSH and LH

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19
Q

In males, FSH

A

causes maturation of sperm

secretion of inhibin

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20
Q

In males, LH

A

causes secretion of testosterone

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21
Q

In females, FSH causes

A

maturation of egg

secretion of estrogen and inhibin

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22
Q

In females, LH causes

A

release of egg

secretion of progesterone

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23
Q

LH is released in a surge at what point of the cycle?

A

Halfway through

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24
Q

Progesterone appears in the female cycle on day

A

14

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25
Q

What are the stem cells for male gametes?

A

Spermatogonia

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26
Q

What are the stem cells for female gametes?

A

Oogonia

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27
Q

The stem cells (gonia) divide via

A

mitosis

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28
Q

The division of oogonia produces

A

oocytes

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29
Q

The division of spermatogonia produces

A

spermatocytes

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30
Q

The “cytes” undergo _____ and produce ______ and ______

A 
meiosis
haploid ova (eggs)
haploid spermatozoa (sperm)
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31
Q

Mitosis produces

A

2 identical daughter cells

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32
Q

Meiosis produces

A

4 non identical haploid cells

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33
Q

Meiosis only occurs in what part of the body?

A

Gonads

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34
Q

Spermatogonia are able to divide by mitosis

A

Throughout the lifetime

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35
Q

Starting in puberty, spermatogonia differentiate into

A

primary spermatocytes in response to FSH

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36
Q

Primary spermatocytes complete both steps of meiosis producing

A

four spermatids

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37
Q

Spermatids mature into

A

spermatozoa in the lumen

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38
Q

The head of the spermatozoan contains

A

Nucleus
23 chromosomes
Enzymes (hyaluronidase and acrosin) in the acromosomal cap

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39
Q

The middle piece of the sperm contains

A

Mitochondria activated by sugars in semen to produce ATP and move the sperm

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40
Q

The tail of sperm is the only ____ in the human body

A

flagellum

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41
Q

Oogonia stop dividing by mitosis in

A

3rd month of fetal development

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42
Q

All oogonia created via mitosis during fetal development will differentiate into

A

an oocyte and get stuck at meiosis I

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43
Q

A female will have ovaries with

A

primary oocytes (stuck in meiosis I) until puberty

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44
Q

During puberty in females, FSH

A

triggers maturation of one of the oocytes by completing meiosis I of the primary oocyte

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45
Q

After meiosis I in females,

A

you have 2 cells.

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46
Q

All of the cytoplasm and resources go into one cell produced from meiosis I in order to

A

Sustain the embryo for the 10-12 days it takes to journey to the uterus

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47
Q

The 2 cells produced from meiosis I in females compete and the loser

A

gets reabsorbed into the blood

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48
Q

The cell that contains all of the resources and cytoplasm will

A

go through meiosis II until to create one big ovum

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49
Q

An ovum contains

A

23 chromosomes
Cytoplasm full of nutrients
Outer protective layer called corona radiata

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50
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A

Seminal vessicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

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51
Q

What is the site of spermatogenesis?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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52
Q

Spermatogenesis requires temperature of _________ body temperature which is why testes are located on the outside of the body

A

2 degrees Fahrenheit below

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53
Q

Sustentacular cells contain spermatogonia in the testes respond to FSH to

A
  • Support mitosis, meiosis, sperm differentiation
  • Form blood-testes barrier
  • Secrete inhibin which suppresses FSH release
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54
Q

Leydig cells (interstitial cells) function to ______ when stimulated by LH

A

secrete androgens

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55
Q

During fetal development, male gonads go through _____ and leave a vulnerable area leaving men prone to hernias in this area

A

descent of the testes

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56
Q

If a male gets too cold, it can impact sperm production so in response

A

Dartos and Cremastor muscle will contract and prevent sperm production

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57
Q

Eggs must be kept at _____ degrees fahrenheit and the body will sacrifice limbs in order to maintain this temperature

A

98.6 degrees

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58
Q

Ducts and accessory glands serve what function for males?

A

-Provide area for maturation, nourishment, storage, and transport of spermatozoa

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59
Q

How long is the epididymus?

A

23 feet long

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60
Q

________ moves immobile sperm through the epididymus

A

Peristaltic contractions

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61
Q

How long does it take for sperm to move through the epididymus?

A

2 weeks

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62
Q

Passage through epididymus is required for

A

functional maturation of spermatozoa

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63
Q

How long is the ductus deferens?

A

18 inches

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64
Q

The urethra is a _____ function duct in males

A

Dual function

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65
Q

A typical ejaculate is ____ mL of fluid

A

2-5 mL of fluid

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66
Q

A typical ejaculate contains _____ spermatozoa per mL

A

20-100 million

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67
Q

What are the functions of semen fluid?

A
  • Activates flagella
  • Neutralizes acids of male urethral tract and female reproductive tract
  • Antibiotic activity
  • Contains proteases to dissolve vaginal mucous
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68
Q

What is the average pH of semen?

A

7.2-7.6

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69
Q

pre ejaculatory fluid is

A

buffers secreted to neutralize the urethra

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70
Q

Female and male reproductive tracts are slightly acidic in order to

A

inhibit bacterial growth

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71
Q

Accessory glands provide exocrine secretions that form ____ % of semen fluid

A

95%

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72
Q

Seminal vesicles secretions form ____% of total semen volume

A

60%

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73
Q

The prostate gland secretes ______% of semen volume

A

30%

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74
Q

Bulbourethral glands function to

A

Secrete alkaline mucous with lubricating properties

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75
Q

What is the reproductive function of the penis?

A

To deliver semen to vagina of female reproductive tract

76
Q

The penis contains 3 columns of erectile tissue:

A

2 corpus cavernosa

1 corpus spongiosum

77
Q

Erectile tissue contains many _______ that can be filled with blood and drained by venules

A

vascular sinuses

78
Q

_____ stimulation is responsible for arousal in both males and females

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

79
Q

Trace the pathway of an erection

A

Parasympathetic stimulation
Nitric oxide released
Increased cGMP in response to NO (2nd messenger) inside smooth muscles to result in vessel dilation
Blood flows in and compresses venules

80
Q

What is impotence

A

Inability to get or maintain an erection

81
Q 
Viagra, cialis, and levitra are drugs used to treat ED. Which of the following are possible ways these could function?
A. increase rate of NO breakdown
B. block receptors for NO
C. mimic effects of NO
D. inhibit breakdown of cGMP
E. A and B
F. C and D
A

F. C and D

82
Q

What is detumescence?

A

Subsidence of erection

83
Q

What produces detumescence?

A

Sympathetic stimulation
Constriction of arterioles
Blood flows out of veins

84
Q

Why would a long lasting erection require you to go to the ER?

A

A drop in BP occurs because the blood is stuck in the penis

85
Q

Orgasm and ejaculation are examples of ______ stimulation

A

sympathetic

86
Q

What makes up the emission reflex?

A
  • Semen moves into urethra
  • Peristalsis in glands and ducts
  • Internal urinary sphincter closes
87
Q

Emission reflex occurs in response to

A

Sympathetic stimulation

88
Q

Ejaculation is

A

the movement of semen out the urethra

89
Q

Ejaculation occurs as a result of

A

Rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscles at base of penis

90
Q

Following ejaculation

A

erection subsides

heart rate increases

91
Q

Ovaries function to produce

A

Oocytes

92
Q

What hormones do ovaries produce?

A

Estrogens
Progesterone
Inhibin

93
Q

During the fetal development of ovaries,

A

oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes

94
Q

From puberty through menopause

A

Primary oocytes and surrounding follicular cells undergo further development when stimulated by FSH

95
Q

Every month, how many oocytes START development?

A

20-25

96
Q

How many oocytes will finish meiosis II and become an ovum?

A

1

97
Q

The ovarian follicle contains

A

Follicular cells

Oocyte

98
Q

During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A 
GnRH triggers release of FSH
FSH binds to follicle cells
Follicular cells multiply 
Oocyte begins to develop
Follicle cells secrete estrogen
99
Q

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle continues until oocyte

A

is halfway through meiosis II

100
Q

Around day 14 of the ovarian cycle, your body has a surge of

A

LH

101
Q

LH surge signals ovulation to occur within

A

24 hours

102
Q

Ovulation is when

A

An ovum is surrounded by a cyst, it ruptures after leaving the ovary. The ovum is then swept up by the frimbiae.

103
Q

Follicle cells that left with the ovum during ovulation become

A

Corona radiata

104
Q

Follicle cells that remained in the ovary following ovulation become

A

Corpus luteum

105
Q

The corpus luteum secretes

A

progesterone and a little estrogen

106
Q

Follicle cells secrete

A

Estrogen when bound with FSH

107
Q

As follicle cells continue to divide in the presence of FSH estrogen levels will

A

increase

108
Q

Progesterone prevents

A

menstruation and keeps endometrial lining in tact

109
Q

What hormone is secreted when you’re pregnant to keep corpus luteum in tact in order to maintain the endometrial lining?

A

HCG

110
Q

Frimbiae function to

A

help move ovum into tube

111
Q

An oocyte is transported through the uterine tube via

A

Peristalsis and cilia

112
Q

Fertilization must occur

A

within 24 hours of ovulation (LH surge) while oocyte is in first third of tube

113
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause

A

Scarring of the uterine tubes, preventing pregnancies

114
Q

The functions of the uterus is to provide support for developing fetus through

A
  • Mechanical protection
  • Nutritional support
  • Waste removal
115
Q

The three layers of the uterus are

A
  • Perimetrium (serosal)
  • Myometrium (muscular)
  • Endometrium (mucosal)
116
Q

The two layers of the endometrium are the

A 
basilar zone (permanent)
functional zone (shed once a month)
117
Q

_____ causes the functional zone to keep growing

A

Estrogen and progesterone

118
Q

_______ tells functional zone to continue to grow and if fertilization does not occur, estrogen drops and functional zone is shed

A

Ovaries

119
Q

A baby’s due date is calciulated from

A

the first day of the last menstrual cycle

120
Q

The uterine cycle describes the

A

Repeating series of changes in endometrium of non-pregnant uterus

121
Q

The uterine cycle is controlled by hormones and ______ with the ovarian cycle

A

Synchronized

122
Q

Average range of a uterine cycle is

A

21-35 day

123
Q

Why does the functional zone grow in thickness?

A

In order to prepare to receive embryo

124
Q

Which of the following is true of the uterine cycle?
A. growth of the functional zone is stimulated by progesterone produced by developing follicle
B. Ovulation causes surge in LH that triggers shedding of endometrial functional zone
C. deterioration of the corpus luteum leads to higher levels of progesterone causing increased growth of functional zone
D. Major role of inhibin is to prevent fertilization of oocyte by sperm
E. none of the above

A

E. none of the above

125
Q

The vagina has ______ allowing for expansion

A

Rugae

126
Q

________ move sperm upward through vagina into the uterus

A

peristaltic contractions

127
Q

What are the major functions of the vagina?

A
  • passage for exiting mesntrual fluids
  • Receives penis during intercourse
  • Forms inferior portion of the birth canal
128
Q

The partial membranous covering of the vestibule is the

A

Hymen

129
Q

Greater vestibular glands

A

Secrete into vaginal opening during sexual arousal

130
Q

Menopause typically occurs by age ______ when the supply of oocytes in ovaries is depleted

A

45-55

131
Q

Atresia is

A

Loss of oocytes and primordial follicles over time

132
Q

During menopause, FSH is unable to activate enough follicles to produce sufficient

A

Estrogen

133
Q

When ovulation ceases, neither ____ or _____ are secreted

A

estrogen

progesterone

134
Q

Cervical cancer is most commonly caused by

A

HPV

135
Q

What are fibroids?

A

Non cancerous tumors in the uterus

136
Q

Ovarian cancer is deadly because it

A

is hard to detect

137
Q

What is dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation (cramps)

138
Q

What is endometriosis

A

When functional zone cells divide and move outside of the perimetrium

139
Q

How long is prenatal development?

A

38-40 weeks

140
Q

A baby is called an embryo during

A

the first 2 months after fertilization

141
Q

A baby is called a fetus

A

9 weeks and onward

142
Q

Fertilization is when

A

Haploid ovum and haploid sperm fuse to form diploid zygote

143
Q

A haploid is

A

23 chromosomes

144
Q

A diploid is

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

145
Q

Multiple spermatozoa are required in order to

A

release sufficient hyaluroniase and acrosin to break through corona radiata

146
Q

If you have identical twins

A

the oocyte in first stage of mitosis will divide each into separate embryos

147
Q

Fraternal twins are produced by

A

2 eggs fertilized by 2 different sperm

148
Q

When an oocyte is fertilized ____ sperm enter the oocyte

A

1

149
Q

The membrane of an ova _______ immediately in order to prevent ______

A

depolarize

polyspermy

150
Q

When a sperm enters an ovum, and the membrane depolarizes, female and male ______ fuse to produce diploid nucleus

A

pronucleus

151
Q

What part of an oocyte supports embryogenesis for the first week?

A

Cytoplasm

152
Q

As a zygote divides into multiple cells differences in cytoplasmic composition in the cells trigger the activation of different genes by

A

Induction, differentiation

153
Q

The four phases of the first trimester are

A
  • Cleavage
  • Implantation
  • Placentation
  • Embryogenesis
154
Q

During cleavage,

A

zygote divides by mitosis to form morula then blastocyst

155
Q

During implantation

A

blastocyst burrows into uterine endometrium

156
Q

During placentation

A

Membranes spread within endometrium, develop blood vessels that come in close contact with maternal blood

157
Q

During embryogenesis

A

A viable embryo is formed

158
Q

Only ____ of pregnancies will turn in a viable embryo

A

40%

159
Q

A morula is

A

a ball of undifferentiated cells

160
Q

A blastocyst is

A

a hollow sphere with cell differentiation

161
Q

Trophoblast is the outer layer of cells that will become

A

Placenta

162
Q

Inner cell mass is a cluster of cells in a blastocyst that will form

A

the embryo

163
Q

Ectopic pregnancy is when

A

implantation occurs in uterine tube

164
Q

Placenta previa is when

A

implantation occurs too low and placenta blocks opening of cervix

165
Q

Implantation occurs approximately ____ after fertilization

A

10-12

166
Q

During implantation:

A
  • blastocyst burrows into endometrium
  • Trophoblast secretes hyaluronidase
  • Edometrium forms over blastocyst
167
Q

During placentation

A
  • trophoblast spreads within endometrium and dissolves through maternal blood vessels
  • Maternal blood flows through open lacunae
  • Chorion forms and chorionic villi extend into lacunae
168
Q

During placentation chorionic villi extend into lacunae in order to

A

gather nutrients and release waste

169
Q

Embryogenesis occurs as the

A

inner cell mass begins differentiation after implantation

170
Q

During embryogenesis what happens

A
  • Embryonic disk, amniotic cavity, and yolk sac form

- Chorion sac lines the outside of the blastocoele

171
Q

During the second trimester

A

organ systems increase in complexity

172
Q

During the third trimester

A

-organ systems become fully functional

173
Q

What does placenta do?

A

Provides exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between fetus and mother.
- Helps maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth via endocrine secretions

174
Q

What hormone is released at the beginning of pregnancy and what does it do?

A

HCG
Maintains corpus luteum
Continues progesterone secretion to keep endometrium in tact

175
Q

What hormones support mammary gland development?

A

hPL and prolactin

176
Q

What does Relaxin do?

A

Increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilation of cervix as well as supresses oxytocin release

177
Q

Early breast milkis called

A

Clostrum

178
Q

There is a _____ % blood volume increase and

A

50%

you urinate more frequently

179
Q

Strong rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in the uterus occurs to start labor in response to

A

oxytocin

prostaglandins

180
Q

What factors prevent early contractions?

A

Progesterone from placenta inhibits muscle contraction
Myometrium is less sensitive to oxytocin
Oxytocin is present in trace amounts

181
Q

What factors cause contractions and initiate labor?

A
  • Estrogen released by placenta to increase smooth muscle oxytocin sensitivity
  • Maternal and fetal pituitary secrete oxytocin
  • Endometrium secretes prostaglandins in resqponse to oxytocin and estrogen
182
Q

What arethe stages of labor?

A

Dilation
Expulsion
Placental

183
Q

During dilation stage of labor

A

Cervix dilates, fetus moves toward cervical canal, amniotic sac ruptures

184
Q

During expulsion stage of labor

A

Cervix completes dilation fetus emerges

185
Q

What is parturition?

A

Delivery/birth

186
Q

What is ephasement?

A

Thinning of the cervix

BIOL 224 (6 decks)

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