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BIOL 224 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we ultimately need to breathe?

A

To make ATP

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2
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Breathing, controlled by voluntary and smooth muscle

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3
Q

One cycle of respiration means

A

Air goes into lungs, oxygen leaves lungs goes into blood, oxygen is transferred to tissue, Co2 comes out of tissue brought back to lungs, air leaves body

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4
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

The respiratory tract has a large respiratory surface for

A

Exchange of gases

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6
Q

True or false: Breathing is involuntary, but you have the ability to control it

A

True

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7
Q

Ciliated epithelium covered in mucous lines respiratory passageways to

A

Continuously brush foreign things up, and prevent it from settling in your lungs

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8
Q

The diameter of thetrachea is controlled by

A

Tracheal cartilages

Smooth muscle

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9
Q

The ANS controls ___ and __ of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

A

Dilation

Constriction

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10
Q

If you are running and need more air, epinephrine comes in to _____ smooth muscle of the trachea and cause bronchioles to dilate

A

relax

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11
Q

Presence of epinephrine under sympathetic stimulation, causes smooth muscle to ____ and ____ to give the body more air

A

relax

dilate

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12
Q

What is asthma?

A

Inappropriate constriction of the bronchioles

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13
Q

Alveoli are unique because _____ surround each alveoli rather than groups of cells like the rest of the body

A

Cappillaries

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14
Q

_____ cells secrete surfactant

A

Septal cells

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15
Q

_____ is used to reduce surface tension to prevent alveoli from collapsing

A

Surfactant

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16
Q

If a baby is a premie, ______ are not functioning properly so alveoli collapse and the baby must be put on a ventilater/ steroids

A

septal cells

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17
Q

Lack of surfactant can produce

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

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18
Q

True or false: The lungs are theonly place where endothelial cells of capillary bed are physically fused to another cell

A

True

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19
Q

Why are cells of capillary bed fused to another cell only in the lungs?

A

To expedite gas exchange, and make diffusion more efficient

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20
Q

Emphysema is a progressive disorder that destroys alveolar surfaces and causes individual alveoli to merge together. This affects oxygen transport to pulmonary capillaries because larger alveolar volume

A

Increases diffusion distance

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21
Q

True or false: Lung tissue cannot expand or contract

A

True

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22
Q

______ creates an extremely strong bond between diaphragm, internal intercostals, and lungs

A

Pleural fluid

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23
Q

Air moves in and out along a _______ created by increasing and decreasing the volume of the lungs

A

Pressure gradient

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24
Q

Air moves from ____ pressure to _____ pressure

A

High to low

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25
Q

Volume is changed in the lungs by _______ of the thoracic cavity

A

Changing size

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26
Q

Pressure and Volume are ______ proportional

A

inversely

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27
Q

As volume decreases, pressure _____

A

Increases

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28
Q

As pressure _____ volume _____

A

decreases, increases

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29
Q

When you inhale:

A

Diaphragm contracts

External intercostals lift lungs up and out

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30
Q

If nothing is contracted, pressure inside and outside of the lungs are

A

The same

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31
Q

During inhalation, pressure outside is ____ than pressure inside

A

Greater

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32
Q

During exhalation, pressure outside is ___ than pressure inside

A

Less than

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33
Q

Exhalation is completely ____ because nothing contracts and all muscles relax

A

Passive

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34
Q

When you exercise, respiratory rate goes up and you need more oxygen, so _____ contract to allow you to inhale and exhale more rapidly

A

Accessory muscles

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35
Q

Contraction of the internal intercostals helps with

A

Exhalation

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36
Q

Contraction of the external intercostals helps with

A

Inhalation

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37
Q

_____ determines direction and rate of airflow in the respiratory tract

A

Pressure difference

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38
Q

Normal air pressure at sea level is

A

760 mm Hg

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39
Q

To reduce pressure inside airways, and increase volume during passive breathing you only need to reduce pressure by ____ mm Hg

A

1 mm Hg

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40
Q

To reduce pressure inside airways and increase volume during active breathing, you only need to reduce pressure by ____ mm Hg

A

20 mmHg

41
Q

What is resting tidal volume?

A

One cycle of air moved while at rest

42
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Maximum amount of air you can move if you need to

43
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

44
Q

What is residual volume

A

air left over in lungs after maximum exhalation

45
Q

Residual volume is very ____ depleted

A

Oxygen

46
Q

Compliance indicates

A

How expandable your lungs are

47
Q

What factors decrease compliance?

A

Loss of surfactant
Arthritis
Excessive connective tissue

48
Q

Describe the waterfall pathway of oxygen through the body

A

Lungs -> blood -> interstitial fluid -> cells

49
Q

Describe the waterfall pathway of CO2 throughout the body

A

Cells -> interstitial fluid -> blood -> lungs

50
Q

Gas exchange is efficient when you have

A

small diffusion distance

51
Q

High air pressure causes _____ gas to go into blood

A

More

52
Q

Air is composed of what important percentages of gases?

A

20% oxygen

.04% carbon dioxide

53
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen and how do you find it?

A

760 mm Hg(normal air pressure) * .20 (percent of o2 in air) = 152 mm Hg

54
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2?

A

.3 mm Hg

55
Q

At a high altitude, atmostpheric pressure is approximately 630 mm Hg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in air at this altitude?

A

126 mm Hg

56
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in the lungs

A

100 mm Hg

57
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in the arteries?

A

95 mm Hg

58
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs?

A

40 mm Hg

59
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the arteries?

A

40 mm Hg

60
Q

What is the partial pressure of Oxygen in the tissues?

A

40 mm Hg (inactive)

20 mm Hg (active)

61
Q

What is the partial pressure of Co2 in the tissues?

A

45 mm Hg

62
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in the veins?

A

40 mm Hg

63
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the veins?

A

45 mm Hg

64
Q

When you become active, partial pressure of oxygen becomes decreased in the tissues. Why?

A

You’re burning up oxygen faster to make ATP at a faster rate

65
Q

What is decompression sickness?

A

When you are in an increased pressure setting, more gas is released into your blood, and if released too quickly it can cause pain in joints/ death

66
Q

Oxygen is mainly transported by

A

RBC’s bound to hemoglobin

67
Q

Saturation percentage tells us

A

The number of available binding sites occupied by oxygen

68
Q

What is dissociation rate?

A

Rate at which oxygen moves off of a hemoglobin molecule and moves into the tissue

69
Q

Hemoglobin has ___ bonds

A

weak

70
Q

Dissociation rate depends on

A

Partial pressure of O2
pH
Temperature at the tissues

71
Q

Your saturation curve is highest when

A

You are in the lungs, and partial pressure of O2 is 100

72
Q

A drop in partial pressure would ____ dissociation

A

Increase

73
Q

As pH decreases, Saturation _____

A

Decreases

74
Q

As temperature decreases saturation rate ____

A

increases

75
Q

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher _______ than adult hemoglobin

A

O2 affinity

76
Q

Most of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as _____

A

Bicarbonate ions

77
Q

What enzyme is used to convert CO2 to carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

78
Q

Which part of the conversion of CO2 process can effect blood pH levels?

A

Carbonic dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ion

79
Q

Describe the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ion

A

CO2 enters the blood stream. Some stays, but most enters a red blood cell. There, some of it is bound to hemoglobin, while most uses carbonic anhydrase to create carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is dissociated into H+ (removed by buffers) and HCO3-. HCO3- moves out into the blood stream, Cl- enters the red blood cell.

80
Q

To meet oxygen demands of the body you must

A

Vary the number of breaths you take and the volume of air moved per breath

81
Q

What are the respiratory centers?

A

DRG
VRG
Apneustic
Pneumotaxic

82
Q

What is the DRG center?

A

Used in all breathing

83
Q

What is the VRG center?

A

Activates accessory muscles when under distress

84
Q

What is the Apneustic center?

A

Allows you to take deeper breaths

85
Q

What is the Pneumotaxic center?

A

Helps with respiratory rate

86
Q

______ detect if there is a build up of CO2 within your body.

A

Chemoreceptors

87
Q

_______ Respiratory center is always active.

A

DRG

88
Q

Why would respiratory rate change?

A

Chemoreceptor reflexes
Stretch reflexes
Cough Reflex
Voluntary control of respiration

89
Q

If you have increased CO2 or decreased O2, what is the reflex response?

A

Increase strength and rate of pulmonary respiration

90
Q

If you have decreased CO2 or increased O2 what is the reflex response?

A

Decrease rate and strength of pulmonary respiration

91
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

High levels of CO2 in arterial blood

92
Q

High levels of CO2 in the blood can _____ pH

A

Decrease, resulting in acidosis

93
Q

Chronic hyperventilation results in

A

Reduced sensitivity of CO2 receptors

Loss of reflex response

94
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

Low levels of CO2 in arterial blood

95
Q

Low levels of CO2 in blood can cause pH to ______

A

Increase, resulting in alkalosis

96
Q

Hypocapnia causes reduced stimulation of chemoreceptors so

A

Respiratory rate does not increase, O2 levels fall dangerously low

97
Q

Describe coughing

A

When you inhale something, glottis will close, muscles contract really fast to build up pressure, glottis opens, and all of the air is pushed out

98
Q

What muscles of the respiratory tract can you control?

A

Skeletal muscles

99
Q

Which is false: As CO2 in the blood increases, ____
A. pH of blood decreases
B. Rate and depth of breathing increases
C. The rate of dissociation of oxygen from hb decreases
D. Heart rate and cardiac output increase

A

Rate and dissociation of oxygen from hb decreases

BIOL 224 (6 decks)

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