Respiratory System Flashcards
Why do we ultimately need to breathe?
To make ATP
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Breathing, controlled by voluntary and smooth muscle
One cycle of respiration means
Air goes into lungs, oxygen leaves lungs goes into blood, oxygen is transferred to tissue, Co2 comes out of tissue brought back to lungs, air leaves body
Cellular respiration occurs in
Mitochondria
The respiratory tract has a large respiratory surface for
Exchange of gases
True or false: Breathing is involuntary, but you have the ability to control it
True
Ciliated epithelium covered in mucous lines respiratory passageways to
Continuously brush foreign things up, and prevent it from settling in your lungs
The diameter of thetrachea is controlled by
Tracheal cartilages
Smooth muscle
The ANS controls ___ and __ of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Dilation
Constriction
If you are running and need more air, epinephrine comes in to _____ smooth muscle of the trachea and cause bronchioles to dilate
relax
Presence of epinephrine under sympathetic stimulation, causes smooth muscle to ____ and ____ to give the body more air
relax
dilate
What is asthma?
Inappropriate constriction of the bronchioles
Alveoli are unique because _____ surround each alveoli rather than groups of cells like the rest of the body
Cappillaries
_____ cells secrete surfactant
Septal cells
_____ is used to reduce surface tension to prevent alveoli from collapsing
Surfactant
If a baby is a premie, ______ are not functioning properly so alveoli collapse and the baby must be put on a ventilater/ steroids
septal cells
Lack of surfactant can produce
Respiratory distress syndrome
True or false: The lungs are theonly place where endothelial cells of capillary bed are physically fused to another cell
True
Why are cells of capillary bed fused to another cell only in the lungs?
To expedite gas exchange, and make diffusion more efficient
Emphysema is a progressive disorder that destroys alveolar surfaces and causes individual alveoli to merge together. This affects oxygen transport to pulmonary capillaries because larger alveolar volume
Increases diffusion distance
True or false: Lung tissue cannot expand or contract
True
______ creates an extremely strong bond between diaphragm, internal intercostals, and lungs
Pleural fluid
Air moves in and out along a _______ created by increasing and decreasing the volume of the lungs
Pressure gradient
Air moves from ____ pressure to _____ pressure
High to low
Volume is changed in the lungs by _______ of the thoracic cavity
Changing size
Pressure and Volume are ______ proportional
inversely
As volume decreases, pressure _____
Increases
As pressure _____ volume _____
decreases, increases
When you inhale:
Diaphragm contracts
External intercostals lift lungs up and out
If nothing is contracted, pressure inside and outside of the lungs are
The same
During inhalation, pressure outside is ____ than pressure inside
Greater
During exhalation, pressure outside is ___ than pressure inside
Less than
Exhalation is completely ____ because nothing contracts and all muscles relax
Passive
When you exercise, respiratory rate goes up and you need more oxygen, so _____ contract to allow you to inhale and exhale more rapidly
Accessory muscles
Contraction of the internal intercostals helps with
Exhalation
Contraction of the external intercostals helps with
Inhalation
_____ determines direction and rate of airflow in the respiratory tract
Pressure difference
Normal air pressure at sea level is
760 mm Hg
To reduce pressure inside airways, and increase volume during passive breathing you only need to reduce pressure by ____ mm Hg
1 mm Hg
To reduce pressure inside airways and increase volume during active breathing, you only need to reduce pressure by ____ mm Hg
20 mmHg
What is resting tidal volume?
One cycle of air moved while at rest
What is vital capacity
Maximum amount of air you can move if you need to
What is total lung capacity?
Vital capacity + residual volume
What is residual volume
air left over in lungs after maximum exhalation
Residual volume is very ____ depleted
Oxygen
Compliance indicates
How expandable your lungs are
What factors decrease compliance?
Loss of surfactant
Arthritis
Excessive connective tissue
Describe the waterfall pathway of oxygen through the body
Lungs -> blood -> interstitial fluid -> cells
Describe the waterfall pathway of CO2 throughout the body
Cells -> interstitial fluid -> blood -> lungs
Gas exchange is efficient when you have
small diffusion distance
High air pressure causes _____ gas to go into blood
More
Air is composed of what important percentages of gases?
20% oxygen
.04% carbon dioxide
What is the partial pressure of oxygen and how do you find it?
760 mm Hg(normal air pressure) * .20 (percent of o2 in air) = 152 mm Hg
What is the partial pressure of CO2?
.3 mm Hg
At a high altitude, atmostpheric pressure is approximately 630 mm Hg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in air at this altitude?
126 mm Hg
What is the partial pressure of O2 in the lungs
100 mm Hg
What is the partial pressure of O2 in the arteries?
95 mm Hg
What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs?
40 mm Hg
What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the arteries?
40 mm Hg
What is the partial pressure of Oxygen in the tissues?
40 mm Hg (inactive)
20 mm Hg (active)
What is the partial pressure of Co2 in the tissues?
45 mm Hg
What is the partial pressure of O2 in the veins?
40 mm Hg
What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the veins?
45 mm Hg
When you become active, partial pressure of oxygen becomes decreased in the tissues. Why?
You’re burning up oxygen faster to make ATP at a faster rate
What is decompression sickness?
When you are in an increased pressure setting, more gas is released into your blood, and if released too quickly it can cause pain in joints/ death
Oxygen is mainly transported by
RBC’s bound to hemoglobin
Saturation percentage tells us
The number of available binding sites occupied by oxygen
What is dissociation rate?
Rate at which oxygen moves off of a hemoglobin molecule and moves into the tissue
Hemoglobin has ___ bonds
weak
Dissociation rate depends on
Partial pressure of O2
pH
Temperature at the tissues
Your saturation curve is highest when
You are in the lungs, and partial pressure of O2 is 100
A drop in partial pressure would ____ dissociation
Increase
As pH decreases, Saturation _____
Decreases
As temperature decreases saturation rate ____
increases
Fetal hemoglobin has a higher _______ than adult hemoglobin
O2 affinity
Most of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as _____
Bicarbonate ions
What enzyme is used to convert CO2 to carbonic acid?
Carbonic anhydrase
Which part of the conversion of CO2 process can effect blood pH levels?
Carbonic dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
Describe the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ion
CO2 enters the blood stream. Some stays, but most enters a red blood cell. There, some of it is bound to hemoglobin, while most uses carbonic anhydrase to create carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is dissociated into H+ (removed by buffers) and HCO3-. HCO3- moves out into the blood stream, Cl- enters the red blood cell.
To meet oxygen demands of the body you must
Vary the number of breaths you take and the volume of air moved per breath
What are the respiratory centers?
DRG
VRG
Apneustic
Pneumotaxic
What is the DRG center?
Used in all breathing
What is the VRG center?
Activates accessory muscles when under distress
What is the Apneustic center?
Allows you to take deeper breaths
What is the Pneumotaxic center?
Helps with respiratory rate
______ detect if there is a build up of CO2 within your body.
Chemoreceptors
_______ Respiratory center is always active.
DRG
Why would respiratory rate change?
Chemoreceptor reflexes
Stretch reflexes
Cough Reflex
Voluntary control of respiration
If you have increased CO2 or decreased O2, what is the reflex response?
Increase strength and rate of pulmonary respiration
If you have decreased CO2 or increased O2 what is the reflex response?
Decrease rate and strength of pulmonary respiration
What is hypercapnia?
High levels of CO2 in arterial blood
High levels of CO2 in the blood can _____ pH
Decrease, resulting in acidosis
Chronic hyperventilation results in
Reduced sensitivity of CO2 receptors
Loss of reflex response
What is hypocapnia?
Low levels of CO2 in arterial blood
Low levels of CO2 in blood can cause pH to ______
Increase, resulting in alkalosis
Hypocapnia causes reduced stimulation of chemoreceptors so
Respiratory rate does not increase, O2 levels fall dangerously low
Describe coughing
When you inhale something, glottis will close, muscles contract really fast to build up pressure, glottis opens, and all of the air is pushed out
What muscles of the respiratory tract can you control?
Skeletal muscles
Which is false: As CO2 in the blood increases, ____
A. pH of blood decreases
B. Rate and depth of breathing increases
C. The rate of dissociation of oxygen from hb decreases
D. Heart rate and cardiac output increase
Rate and dissociation of oxygen from hb decreases
