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BIOL 224 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the accessory organs to the digestive tract?

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

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2
Q

What is the innermost layer of the digestive tract and what is its function?

A

Mucosa layer

- protection, secretion, absorption

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3
Q

The exocrine glands of the mucosa layer of the gi tract secrete into

A

Lumen

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4
Q

The endocrine glands of the mucosa layer of the gi tract secrete into

A

Liver

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5
Q

Is there blood supply in the mucosal layer of the gi tract?

A

No

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6
Q

Submucosa contains blood and lymph vessels to collect blood and lymph from capillaries of mucosa because they carry

A

Absorbed nutrients

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7
Q

Muscularis layer is composed of smooth muscle and is _____

A

involuntary

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8
Q

Muscularis layer functions to

A

Provide mechanical processing and movement of materials along GI tract

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9
Q

The movements of the muscularis layer are coordinated by

A

ANS
Enteric nervous system
Hormones
Paracrine factors

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10
Q

The enteric nervous system is

A

network of neurons that covers the GI tract (especially the stomach)

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11
Q

If it is attached to the body wall, the outermost connective layer is

A

Adventitia

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12
Q

_______ covers muscularis of all parts of digestive tract that are free to move

A

Serosa

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13
Q

The enteric nervous system is

A

Dually innervated

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14
Q

What branch of the ANS speeds up digestion?

A

Parasympathetic

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15
Q

What three factors control and coordinate movement and gland secretion of the GI tract?

A

Neural, endocrine, paracrine factors

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16
Q

What three factors excite the stomach?

A

Neural: ACh
Endocrine: Gastrin
Paracrine: Histamine

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17
Q

What factors inhibit the stomach?

A

Neural: Epinephrine
Endocrine: CCK, GIP, Secretin

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18
Q

What is a long reflex?

A

Effects in a grand scheme of things, top to bottom of GI tract

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19
Q

What is an example of a long reflex?

A

When you start to eat, your brain immediately sends ACh from top to bottom of GI tract to tell it to start contracting

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20
Q

What is a short reflex?

A

Little local responses

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21
Q

What is an example of a short reflext?

A

Before you eat, you make your stomach more active to accommodate for all of the work the stomach will have to do during digestion

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22
Q

Define segmentation

A

Churn and fragment a bolus of digestive contents, mixing in intestinal secretions

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23
Q

Define peristalsis

A

Waves that move a bolus down the length of the tract

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24
Q

What muscle layers work together to create peristalsis?

A

Longitudinal and circular muscle layers

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25
Q

What is the first thing the buccal cavity does during digestion?

A

Analyzes the food before swallowing (tasting it)

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26
Q

What is the 2nd thing the buccal cavity does during digestion?

A

Mastication

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27
Q

What is the 3rd thing the buccal cavity does during digestion?

A

Lubricates the food via salivary secreations

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28
Q

What enzyme is secreted in the mouth to break down carbs?

A

Salivary Amylase

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29
Q

What enzyme is secreted in the mouth to break down lipids?

A

Lingual lipase

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30
Q

What glands are responsible for most of the salivary secretion?

A

Submandibular glands

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31
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • Moisten food
  • Lubricate food
  • buffers pH
  • Control bacteria
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32
Q

Why does saliva lubricate the food?

A

Because glycoproteins are present to prevent blockage inside the esophagus

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33
Q

What type of antibody is present in saliva?

A

IgA’s

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34
Q

Xerostomia (lack of saliva) can be a side effect of many medications, radiation treatment, or autoimmune diseases. Which of the following would not be a typical symptom?
A. difficulty swallowing
B. progressive erosion of the teeth
C. increased oral infections
D. reduced strength of muscles of mastication
E. reduced ability to taste food

A

D. reduced strength of muscles of mastication

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35
Q

The pharynx is the ____ passageway for food, liquids, and air

A

Common

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36
Q

You can start to initiate swallowing, but eventually ______ takes over

A

Smooth muscle

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37
Q

The esophagus carries solids and liquids from

A

pharynx to the stomach

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38
Q

What is degluttition?

A

Swallowing

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39
Q

Is the buccal phase involuntary or voluntary?

A

Voluntary

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40
Q

Is the pharyngeal phase involuntary or voluntary?

A

Involuntary

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41
Q

During the buccal phase of deglutition, what happens

A

Soft palate and uvula rise to close off nasopharynx, and tongue moves bolus into pharynx

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42
Q

During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition, what happens?

A

Larynx elevates, epiglottis closes, breathing stops, pharyngeal muscles move bolus down

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43
Q

Is the esophageal phase of deglutition involuntary or voluntary?

A

Involuntary

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44
Q

When the bolus reaches the stomach, what chemical breakdown occurs at first, and when does it stop?

A

Salivary enzymes continue to break down carbs and lipids. It stops when pH drops low enough in the presence of HCl and deactivates these enzymes.

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45
Q

What sphincter controls the movement of bolus from stomach to intestine?

A

Pyloric

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46
Q

Where do you find the bulk storage of undigested food?

A

Stomach

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47
Q

The stomach churns to break down bolus further into

A

Chyme

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48
Q

How long can food stay in the stomach?

A

Up to four hours

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49
Q

The stomach contains gastric pits that

A
  • produce mucous to protect epithelial cells from acidity

- contain stem cells to produce new epithelial cells

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50
Q

Pyloric glands contain G cells that secrete

A

The gastrin hormone

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51
Q

Gastric glands contain parietal and chief cells. Chief cells secrete _______ and parietal cells secrete_______

A

Pepsinogen

HCl and intrinsic factor

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52
Q

Pepsinogen is needed because

A

It is converted by HCl to its active form, pepsin, to digest proteins

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53
Q

Intrinsic factor is needed for

A

Vitamin B12 absorption

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54
Q

What cells have receptors to determine if the stomach is excited?

A

Parietal cells

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55
Q

What happens when a parietal cell binds with ACh, Histamine, and Gastrin?

A

Cell actively pumps H and Cl ions into the cell. Bicarbonate and chloride ion exchange occurs, bicarbonate is sent into blood stream, chloride is let into the stomach.

56
Q

What does HCl do in the stomach?

A

Drops the pH to inactivate salivary enzymes
kills bacteria
breaks cell walls and connective tissue

57
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach?

A

Lipid soluble drugs (alcohol and aspirin)

58
Q

Most of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the ____ during digestion

A

Jejunum

59
Q

The cephalic phase occurs

A

Before anything gets to your mouth

60
Q

The cephalic phase is made up of entirely ______

A

autonomic, long reflexes

61
Q

What is the product of the gastric phase?

A

Chyme

62
Q

During the gastric phase, you mix the bolus with

A

Digestive enzymes and acid

63
Q

What tells the body to start the gastric phase?

A

Distension of stomach wall

64
Q

The ____ phase overlaps with the intestinal phase

A

Gastric

65
Q

During the intestinal phase chyme is released in really small quantities and

A

Stomach is inhibited to create a pause to neutralize chyme released by the stomach

66
Q

The intestinal phase inhibits gastric movement due to

A
  • stretched intestinal wall
  • pH decrease in intestine
  • Undigested lipids and carbs
67
Q

The secretion of _____ will overpower inhibitory hormones such as CCK, GIP, and Secretin

A

ACh

68
Q

As chyme is processed and moves forward

A
  • inhibition decreases

- increased motility in the stomach occurs

69
Q

Gastric ulcers are caused by the bacteria

A

Helicobacter pylori

70
Q

What happens with a gastric ulcer?

A

H pylori bacteria eat through mucous lining of the stomach, so HCl damages the gastric epithelial cells

71
Q

Why does stress effect ulcers?

A

Stress inhibits digestion and can ultimately inhibit mucous production allowing the acid to do more damage to the cells

72
Q

Gastric bypass

A

Removes part of the stomach and bypasses intestine

73
Q

Stomach banding

A

Places a band on the stomach to limit quantities of ingested food

74
Q

Chemical digestion is completed in the

A

Small intestine

75
Q

What is secreted in the small intestine to aid in chemical digestion

A
  • Pancreatic exocrine secretions
  • Bile
  • Alkaline buffers
76
Q

Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch to

A

Disaccharides

77
Q

Pancreatic lipases break down lipids to

A

Fatty acids

78
Q

Pancreatic nucleases break down nucleic acids to

A

Nucleotides

79
Q

Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes break down proteins to

A

polypeptides to aminoacids

80
Q

What are the two proteolytic enzymes used to break down proteins?

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

81
Q

Bile salts are necessary for

A

emulsification of lipids

82
Q

Bile salts are synthesized

A

In the liver from cholesterol

83
Q

Bilirubin is a waste pigment formed from

A

Heme of red blood cells

84
Q

What controls the release of both pancreatic secretions and bile?

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

85
Q

What controls the hepatopancreatic sphincter and how?

A

CCK, GPI, and Secretin cause it to relax

86
Q

CCK is released

A

In response to undigested food

87
Q

What does CCK do?

A
  • Inhibit stomach
  • Stimulate secretion of pancreatic enzymes
  • Contracts gallbladder
  • relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter
88
Q

Secretin is released

A

In response to acid chyme

89
Q

What does secretin do?

A
  • Inhibits stomach
  • Tells pancreas to release buffers
  • Tells liver to increase bile secretion
90
Q

What does VIP do?

A

Increases blood flow to intestines and dilates blood vessels in hepatic portal system

91
Q

What are the brush border enzymes for disaccharides?

A

Maltase, sucrase, lactase

92
Q

What are the brush border enzymes for small peptides?

A

Peptidases

93
Q

What are the brush border enzymes for nucleic acids?

A

Nucleases

94
Q

Enzymes secreted in the ______ are responsible for the breakdown of macromolecules into monomers

A

Brush border

95
Q

What is the only sphincter we have complete conscious control over?

A

External anal sphincter

96
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A
  • Bacterial digestion
  • Absorption
  • Formation and expulsion of feces
97
Q

True or false: there are no digestive enzymes produced by the large intestine

A

True

98
Q

Bacteria within the large intestine

A
  • convert bilirubin to breakdown products
  • break down peptides to ammonium ions
  • digest complex carbs
  • give off methane gas
99
Q

Bacteria in the large intestine manufacture

A

Vitamin K, Biotin, and B5

100
Q

What does the large intestine absorb?

A
  • Water
  • Vitamins
  • Bile Salts
  • Organic wastes and toxins
101
Q

How is feces created?

A

Absorption of water and segmentation movements compact materials into fesces

102
Q

The defacation reflex is triggered by the

A

Distention of rectal walls

103
Q

Absorption of nutrients and water into epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa layer occurs via

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitted diffusion
  • cotransport
104
Q

Water moves through the GI tract via

A

Osmosis

105
Q

Monomers are absorbed

A

On lumen side of epithelial cells

106
Q

Describe movement of absorbed materials in the brush border

A

Monomers are absorbed into epithelial cells
They are released into interstitial fluid
Diffusion from fluid to capillaries or lacteals occurs

107
Q

Salivary and pancreatic amylase enzymes break polysaccharides to

A

Disaccharides

108
Q

Brush border enzymes break disaccharides to

A

Monosaccharides

109
Q

Proteins are broken down in the stomach by low pH destroying

A

Tertiary and Quaternary structure

110
Q

Amino acids are absorbed into intestinal epithelia with the use of

A

AA-specific transport proteins

111
Q

Amino acids and monosccharides are transported to the

A

Liver

112
Q

What precautions does the body take to break lipids down to become small enough for transport?

A
  • emulsification by bile salts
  • lipase breaks it down
  • micells diffuse into epithelia
  • chylomicrons formed by combining glycerol with 3 fatty acids
  • chylomicrons released via exocytosis and transported via lymphatic system
113
Q

Lipids move through the blood using a protein and are transported through the

A

Lymphatic system

114
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Soluble complexes of lipids and proteins

115
Q

What do lipoproteins carry?

A

Insoluble glycerides and cholesterol

116
Q

What are the types of lipoproteins?

A
  • chylomicrons
  • VLDLs
  • HDLs
  • LDLs
117
Q

What lipoproteins are produced by the liver?

A

VLDLs
HDLs
LDLs

118
Q

____ is the only lipoprotein produced in the intestinal epithelial cells

A

Chylomicron

119
Q

VLDL’s carry

A

Triglyceride from liver to tissues

120
Q

LDLs carry

A

Cholesterol to tissues

121
Q

HDLs carry

A

Unused cholesterol from tissues to liver

122
Q

How much of our cholesterol is created from diet?

A

20%

123
Q

What are normal HDL and LDL levels

A

LDL below 130

HDL above 35

124
Q

If we do not make enough cholesterol, we cannot absorb ____

A

Calcium

125
Q

During the absorptive period, _____ is secreted

A

Insulin

126
Q

During the post absorptive period, ______ is secreted

A

Glucagon, glucocorticoids, epinephrine

127
Q

Describe what happens during the absorptive period

A

Blood sugar goes up, insulin is released, insulin travels to target cells to let glucose in

128
Q

Describe what happens during the post absorptive period

A

Glucose levels drop, Insulin secretion stops, glucagon and epinephrine are released, cells start using fatty acids for ATP synthesis

129
Q

When do nutrients enter the blood?

A

As intestinal absorption proceeds and insulin is created

130
Q

What does the liver do with excess glucose?

A
  • uses it for energy
  • stores it as glycogen
  • converts it to triglycerides
131
Q

Muscle cells store glucose as

A

Glycogen

132
Q

During the absorptive period, triglycerides are broken into

A

Fatty acids

133
Q

During absorptive period, fatty acids are

A
  • absorbed by adipose

- Absorbed by skeletal muscles

134
Q

The absorptive period is stimulated by

A

Insulin

135
Q

The longer its been since you’ve eaten, the more ___ present

A

glucocorticoids present

136
Q

If you do not have enough glucose during postabsorptive period, liver breaks down glycogen and synthesize glucose via

A

gluconeogenesis

BIOL 224 (6 decks)

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