Immune System Flashcards
Normal Blood pressure (CHP) of an artery is
35 mm Hg
Normal Blood pressure (CHP) of a vein is
18 mm Hg
Filtration pressure (FP)=
BP-OP
Normal osmotic pressure is
25 mm Hg
Osmotic pressure is ____ throughout the entire body.
Constant
Reabsorption is the absorption of things back into the ____
Blood Stream
During infection, lymph nodes swell, because of
Rapid white blood cell production
Edema occurs when
There is a rupture in the capillary bed. Plasma proteins flow out into interstitial fluid, osmotic pressure is created, and more fluid is drawn out of the capillary bed
T and B cells originate from the ____ but mature in the ______
red bone marrow
Thymus
_____ is the largest lymphoid organ
Spleen
Spleen is the only lymph organ that ___ goes through
Blood
Defense mechanisms of the body include
- Protection from pathogens
- Protection from foreign substances
- Protection from abnormal cells of the body
Non-specific defenses vs Specific defenses
Nonspecific detect and destroy something no matter what it is.
Specific use lymphoctyes for specific pathoges (specific strains of specific illnesses)
Non specific defenses influde
Phagocytes Inflammation Fever Complement System Interferons Physical Barriers Surveillance by NK cells
What is a physical barrier and give an example
Keep hazards outside of the body
ex Skin
What is a phagocyte
Something that engulfs and destroy cellular debris and pathogens
Tissue is constantly monitored by _____ cells, and respond to cell markers
Natural Killer cells
Natural killer cells release _____ to cause lysis of foreign and abnormal cells
Perforins (create pores in bacteria)
Inflammation helps protect the body from pathogens because
Increasing blood flow to an area also brings more white blood cells
What hormone increases inflammation and activates pain receptors
Prostaglandin
What two hormones are released to control inflammation?
Histamine and Heparin
Phagocytic cells are attracted by ____ and _____
Prostaglandin and histamine
_____ control the body’s thermostat when onsetting a fever
Pyrogens
A fever is a protective mechanism because it ____ and ______
denatures proteins
increases metabolic rate
Interferons trigger the production of antiviral proteins that interfere with _______ inside cells
Viral reproduction
The complement system is a nonspecific response to help ______
Antibodies
What are the three classes of lymphocytes?
T cells
B cells
Natural Killer cells
Of the three lymphocytes, which classes are specific?
T and B cells
What is an antigen?
A cell marker that sits on a membrane and tells the body to produce an immune response
Each lymphocyte can only respond to _____ antigen
One unique
To activate a T lymphocyte, an antigen must be present on the surface of a _____ cell
HUMAN
Why do you need to be tissue typed when looking for an organ transplant?
Tissue typing looks at MHC sequence to find most similar MHC sequence to prevent rejection
Class I MHC’s are present in membranes of all ______
Body cells
Class II MHC’s are present in membranes of ____ and _____
B lymphocytes
Phagocytes
What are the three major types of T lymphocytes?
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Suppressor T cells
What do Cytotoxic T’s do?
Attack abnormal body cells
What do helper T’s do?
Attack foreign cells and antigens
What do Suppressor T’s do?
Control immune response of T and B lymphocytes
HIV targets _____ so B cells can no longer be activated, antibodies can not be produced, and the entire immune system slows down
Helper T’s
Activated B cells undergo rapid cell division to produce___ cells and ____ cells
Plasma cells
Memory B Cells
Plasma cells, produced by B cells, have a ton of
ER, Ribosomes, Golgi
Plasma cells pump out ____
Antibodies
If you were a Rh Negative blood type mother, and baby is RH positive, RH + RBC’s enter her blood stream, and _____ rapidly produce to create antibodies against Rh
B cells
The primary immune response occurs the ____ time you come in contact with a foreign pathogen
first
During the primary immune response, the innate, _____ number of inactive B and T cells become activated and undergo massive cell division
small
Secondary response occurs after you have built up _______ to a specific pathogen
Memory cells
_____ antibodies are built up first when creating a primary response
IgM
_____ antibodies are most plentiful, but take longer to make
IgG
What are the classes of antibodies?
IgG IgE IgD IgM IgA
IgG antibodies
provide resistance against all types of things
IgE antibodes
cause inflammation
IgD antibodies
found on B cells
IgM antibodies
Secreted first upon antigen arrival
IgA antibodies
found in glandular secretions
The ______ determines the class of antibody (IgG vs IgM)
Constant region
The ______ determines the strain of the pathogen that an antibody identifies with
Variable region
Antibody actions are
Agglutination/Precipitation Neutralization Attraction of Phagocytes Opsinization Activation of Complement system
Properties of the immune system are
Specific
Versatile
Good Memory
Tolerance (does not respond to normal cells)
Memory cells allow you to mount a full scale response after
Being exposed to a pathogen
In a routine exam, blood is taken and analyzed. The results show high IgM for the mumps antigen. This would indicate the person:
Is just coming down with mumps
Acquired immunity is development of active immunity
After first exposure (vaccination)
Passive immunity is protection provided by
Transfer of antibodies from another source
An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly targets
Normal cells
What are some examples of autoimmune disorders?
Rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 Diabetes, Rheumatic fever, Multiple Sclerosis, Graves’ disease, Lupus, Celiac disease
In grave’s disease, antibodies bind to TSH receptors making
Too much of thyroid hormone
In celiac’s disease, immune system destroys _______ in small intestine in the presence of gluten
microvilli
Allergies are
Inappropriate and excessive immune response against a foreign substance
The most common type of allergic response is
Immediate hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis occurs when an allergen moves around your body and mast cells in other places start responding.
True
You inhale dust and mast cells release histamine and heparin to make you sneezy. If you are super allergic to something this occurs all over the body which can cause
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis triggers high levels of histamine release, causing vasodilation everywhere, extreme drop in blood pressure and if it drops far enough, it causes
Anaphylactic shock
Severe allergens are treated with _____ to increase blood pressure
Epinephrine
What leads to immunodeficiency?
Disorders during embryonic development
Exposure to toxins
Drugs that suppress immune system
Infection with viruses
HIV is a virus that injects ______ into a human body cell
RNA
Injecting RNA into a human cell allows it to seem like it’s DNA, so _____ make copies of the virus and break them down
Helper T’s
Without helper T’s, you cannot create ____ and will ultimately slow your immune response
Antibodies
AIDS is the most progressed stage of
HIV
To treat AIDS, drugs that _______ the enzyme that promotes replication of abnormal helper T’s are used
suppress
The hormone ____ is released in times of stress
Cortisol
The release of cortisol _____ the immune system
Supresses
