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BIOL 224 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Blood pressure (CHP) of an artery is

A

35 mm Hg

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2
Q

Normal Blood pressure (CHP) of a vein is

A

18 mm Hg

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3
Q

Filtration pressure (FP)=

A

BP-OP

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4
Q

Normal osmotic pressure is

A

25 mm Hg

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5
Q

Osmotic pressure is ____ throughout the entire body.

A

Constant

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6
Q

Reabsorption is the absorption of things back into the ____

A

Blood Stream

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7
Q

During infection, lymph nodes swell, because of

A

Rapid white blood cell production

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8
Q

Edema occurs when

A

There is a rupture in the capillary bed. Plasma proteins flow out into interstitial fluid, osmotic pressure is created, and more fluid is drawn out of the capillary bed

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9
Q

T and B cells originate from the ____ but mature in the ______

A

red bone marrow

Thymus

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10
Q

_____ is the largest lymphoid organ

A

Spleen

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11
Q

Spleen is the only lymph organ that ___ goes through

A

Blood

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12
Q

Defense mechanisms of the body include

A
  • Protection from pathogens
  • Protection from foreign substances
  • Protection from abnormal cells of the body
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13
Q

Non-specific defenses vs Specific defenses

A

Nonspecific detect and destroy something no matter what it is.
Specific use lymphoctyes for specific pathoges (specific strains of specific illnesses)

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14
Q

Non specific defenses influde

A 
Phagocytes
Inflammation
Fever
Complement System
Interferons
Physical Barriers
Surveillance by NK cells
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15
Q

What is a physical barrier and give an example

A

Keep hazards outside of the body

ex Skin

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16
Q

What is a phagocyte

A

Something that engulfs and destroy cellular debris and pathogens

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17
Q

Tissue is constantly monitored by _____ cells, and respond to cell markers

A

Natural Killer cells

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18
Q

Natural killer cells release _____ to cause lysis of foreign and abnormal cells

A

Perforins (create pores in bacteria)

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19
Q

Inflammation helps protect the body from pathogens because

A

Increasing blood flow to an area also brings more white blood cells

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20
Q

What hormone increases inflammation and activates pain receptors

A

Prostaglandin

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21
Q

What two hormones are released to control inflammation?

A

Histamine and Heparin

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22
Q

Phagocytic cells are attracted by ____ and _____

A

Prostaglandin and histamine

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23
Q

_____ control the body’s thermostat when onsetting a fever

A

Pyrogens

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24
Q

A fever is a protective mechanism because it ____ and ______

A

denatures proteins

increases metabolic rate

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25
Q

Interferons trigger the production of antiviral proteins that interfere with _______ inside cells

A

Viral reproduction

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26
Q

The complement system is a nonspecific response to help ______

A

Antibodies

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27
Q

What are the three classes of lymphocytes?

A

T cells
B cells
Natural Killer cells

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28
Q

Of the three lymphocytes, which classes are specific?

A

T and B cells

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29
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A cell marker that sits on a membrane and tells the body to produce an immune response

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30
Q

Each lymphocyte can only respond to _____ antigen

A

One unique

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31
Q

To activate a T lymphocyte, an antigen must be present on the surface of a _____ cell

A

HUMAN

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32
Q

Why do you need to be tissue typed when looking for an organ transplant?

A

Tissue typing looks at MHC sequence to find most similar MHC sequence to prevent rejection

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33
Q

Class I MHC’s are present in membranes of all ______

A

Body cells

34
Q

Class II MHC’s are present in membranes of ____ and _____

A

B lymphocytes

Phagocytes

35
Q

What are the three major types of T lymphocytes?

A

Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Suppressor T cells

36
Q

What do Cytotoxic T’s do?

A

Attack abnormal body cells

37
Q

What do helper T’s do?

A

Attack foreign cells and antigens

38
Q

What do Suppressor T’s do?

A

Control immune response of T and B lymphocytes

39
Q

HIV targets _____ so B cells can no longer be activated, antibodies can not be produced, and the entire immune system slows down

A

Helper T’s

40
Q

Activated B cells undergo rapid cell division to produce___ cells and ____ cells

A

Plasma cells

Memory B Cells

41
Q

Plasma cells, produced by B cells, have a ton of

A

ER, Ribosomes, Golgi

42
Q

Plasma cells pump out ____

A

Antibodies

43
Q

If you were a Rh Negative blood type mother, and baby is RH positive, RH + RBC’s enter her blood stream, and _____ rapidly produce to create antibodies against Rh

A

B cells

44
Q

The primary immune response occurs the ____ time you come in contact with a foreign pathogen

A

first

45
Q

During the primary immune response, the innate, _____ number of inactive B and T cells become activated and undergo massive cell division

A

small

46
Q

Secondary response occurs after you have built up _______ to a specific pathogen

A

Memory cells

47
Q

_____ antibodies are built up first when creating a primary response

A

IgM

48
Q

_____ antibodies are most plentiful, but take longer to make

A

IgG

49
Q

What are the classes of antibodies?

A 
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
50
Q

IgG antibodies

A

provide resistance against all types of things

51
Q

IgE antibodes

A

cause inflammation

52
Q

IgD antibodies

A

found on B cells

53
Q

IgM antibodies

A

Secreted first upon antigen arrival

54
Q

IgA antibodies

A

found in glandular secretions

55
Q

The ______ determines the class of antibody (IgG vs IgM)

A

Constant region

56
Q

The ______ determines the strain of the pathogen that an antibody identifies with

A

Variable region

57
Q

Antibody actions are

A 
Agglutination/Precipitation
Neutralization
Attraction of Phagocytes
Opsinization
Activation of Complement system
58
Q

Properties of the immune system are

A

Specific
Versatile
Good Memory
Tolerance (does not respond to normal cells)

59
Q

Memory cells allow you to mount a full scale response after

A

Being exposed to a pathogen

60
Q

In a routine exam, blood is taken and analyzed. The results show high IgM for the mumps antigen. This would indicate the person:

A

Is just coming down with mumps

61
Q

Acquired immunity is development of active immunity

A

After first exposure (vaccination)

62
Q

Passive immunity is protection provided by

A

Transfer of antibodies from another source

63
Q

An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly targets

A

Normal cells

64
Q

What are some examples of autoimmune disorders?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 Diabetes, Rheumatic fever, Multiple Sclerosis, Graves’ disease, Lupus, Celiac disease

65
Q

In grave’s disease, antibodies bind to TSH receptors making

A

Too much of thyroid hormone

66
Q

In celiac’s disease, immune system destroys _______ in small intestine in the presence of gluten

A

microvilli

67
Q

Allergies are

A

Inappropriate and excessive immune response against a foreign substance

68
Q

The most common type of allergic response is

A

Immediate hypersensitivity

69
Q

Anaphylaxis occurs when an allergen moves around your body and mast cells in other places start responding.

A

True

70
Q

You inhale dust and mast cells release histamine and heparin to make you sneezy. If you are super allergic to something this occurs all over the body which can cause

A

Anaphylaxis

71
Q

Anaphylaxis triggers high levels of histamine release, causing vasodilation everywhere, extreme drop in blood pressure and if it drops far enough, it causes

A

Anaphylactic shock

72
Q

Severe allergens are treated with _____ to increase blood pressure

A

Epinephrine

73
Q

What leads to immunodeficiency?

A

Disorders during embryonic development
Exposure to toxins
Drugs that suppress immune system
Infection with viruses

74
Q

HIV is a virus that injects ______ into a human body cell

A

RNA

75
Q

Injecting RNA into a human cell allows it to seem like it’s DNA, so _____ make copies of the virus and break them down

A

Helper T’s

76
Q

Without helper T’s, you cannot create ____ and will ultimately slow your immune response

A

Antibodies

77
Q

AIDS is the most progressed stage of

A

HIV

78
Q

To treat AIDS, drugs that _______ the enzyme that promotes replication of abnormal helper T’s are used

A

suppress

79
Q

The hormone ____ is released in times of stress

A

Cortisol

80
Q

The release of cortisol _____ the immune system

A

Supresses

BIOL 224 (6 decks)

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