Urinary System Flashcards
What is the capsule of the kidney made up of?
dense irregular CT
What is the renal papilla?
tip of each renal pyramid
What do the medullary rays primarily contain?
portins of the loop of henle and collecting tubules
What do the renal columns separate?
renal pyramids
What epithelium type makes up the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule?
simple squamous epi
What are podocytes?
modified epithelial cells containing pedicels
What are pedicels?
secondary podocyte cell processes covering the glomerular capillaries creating filtration slits
What is the urinary (capsular) space?
space between parietal & visceral layers of Bowman’s capsule
What is known as a tuft of capillaries inside the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?
glomerulus
Where are mesangial cells found?
within renal corpuscles
>also found in areas lacking podocytes
What type of epithelium is found in proximal convoluted tubules?
simple cuboidal with long microvilli
Where are the proximal convoluted tubules found?
cortex
What epithelium is found in the thin limbs of the loop of henle and where are they found?
simple squamous
medulla
What epithelium is found in the thick limbs of the loop of henle and where are they found?
simple cuboidal
medulla & medullary rays
What epithelium is found in the distal convoluted tubule and where are they found?
simple cuboidal (shorter cells with shorter microvilli) cortex
Where is the macula densa found?
in the distal convoluted tubules at the vascular pole containing closely packed columnar cells
What is the epithelium type of the connecting tubules?
simple squamous to simple cuboidal
T/F: collecting ducts are a part of a nephron?
false
What type of epithelium is seen in collecting ducts?
simple cuboidal to simple columnar
What are the two types of cells in collecting ducts?
- principle cells (light)
2. intercalated cells (dark)
What is the most common cell type in collecting ducts and where are they located?
principle cells
medullary rays & medulla
Where are intercalated cells located?
medullary rays
What are the 3 sublayers of the mucosa?
- epithelium
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosae
What is the normal pattern of the muscularis externa?
inner circular and outer longitudinal
What is the function of the adventitia?
binding function
What is the function of the serosa?
lubrication function
What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the luminal wall of the ureters?
urothelium
Where are plaque and umbrella cells most developed?
urinary bladder
What is the function of plaque?
protection (cells and tissues beneath) & block water passage
What cells are large superficial cells that can be bi-necleate and are found in the mucosa of the ureters?
umbrella cells
How is the muscularis externa arranged in the ureters?
reverse pattern - inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer
What are the 3 muscle layers at the distal end ot the ureters?
inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal
What is created where the ureter enters the bladder?
a valve
as bladder fills, ureters closed off
Why is the function of the valve between the ureter and bladder important?
stop the spread of infection to kidneys
What is the function of the epithelium in the bladder?
transitional epithelium stretches and protects from hypertonic and toxic urine
What muscle is found in the bladder that is also known as the muscularis externa?
detrusor
What is the arrangement of the muscularis externa in the bladder?
inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal
What type of muscle is the internal urethral sphincter made up of?
circle of smooth muscle
What is the internal urethral sphincter also a part of?
detrusor muscle
T/F: the internal urethral sphincter is a voluntary muscle?
false - involuntary
What does the SNS innervate in the bladder?
blood vessels
What does the parasympathetic nervous system innervate?
muscularis externa & adventitia
What does parasympathetic stimulation result in (in the bladder)?
micturation reflex
What type of epithelium is found in the male prostatic urethra?
urothelium
What type of muscle is seen in the male external urethral sphincter?
striated muscle
What type of epithelium is found in the male membranous urethra?
stratified columnar & pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What type of epithelium is found in the male spongy urethra?
stratified columnar & pseudostratified columnar
What type of epithelium is found in the distal portion of the male spongy urethra?
stratified squamous
What type of epithelium is found in the female urethra?
transitional & stratified columnar
What type of epithelium is found in the middle portion of the female urethra?
pseudostratified columnar
What type of epithelium is found in the distal portion of the female urethra?
stratified squamous
Where is the external urethral sphincter found in females?
around the middle portion
What is the function of the paraurethral glands in females?
secrete alkaline fluid to paraurethral ducts into the sides of external urethral orifice
