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Organ Histology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the endocardium?

A

endothelium
loose CT layer
dense irregular CT
sub-endothelial layer

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2
Q

What makes up the subendothelial layer?

A

losse CT layer and dense irregular CT layer

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3
Q

Where are the purkinjie fibers located?

A

sub-endothelial layer

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4
Q

What is stored in purkinje fibers?

A

glycogen

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5
Q

What are purkinje fibers?

A

modified cardiac myocytes

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6
Q

How are purkinje attached?

A

gap junctions and macula adherens

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7
Q

What is the difference between atria and ventricles?

A
  • atria: less muscle, more elastic fibers

- ventricles: well-developed muscle layer

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8
Q

Which part of intercalated discs are described as the “risers of stairs”?

A

transverse portion

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9
Q

What is the transverse portion of intercalated discs made up of?

A

macula adherens

fascia adherens

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10
Q

What portion of the intercalated discs are described as the “step of stairs”?

A

longitudinal portion

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11
Q

What makes up the longitudinal portion of intercalated discs?

A

large gap junctions

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12
Q

What are the functions of intercalated discs?

A
  1. attach cardiac myocytes using macula adherens
  2. attach and stabalize myofibrils using fascia adherens
  3. cell to cell communication using large gap junctions
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13
Q

What affect does the sympathetic NS have on heart rate and contraction force?

A

increases both

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14
Q

What affect does the parasympathetic NS have on heart rate and contraction force?

A

decreases both

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15
Q

What specialized cardiac cells deal with hormone secretion in the atria and interventricular septum?

A

myoendocrine cells

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16
Q

What will the hormones from the myoendocrine cells target?

A
  1. fluid and electrolyte balance = target kidneys

2. decrease BP = target muscle in arterioles, small arteries and arterioles

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17
Q

What is another name for the pericardium?

A

serous pericardium

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18
Q

What makes up the pericardium?

A

epicardium & parietal pericardium

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19
Q

What is another term for epicardium?

A

visceral pericardium

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20
Q

What is contained in the sub-epicardial layer?

A

coronary vessels
nerves
adipose (sometimes)

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21
Q

What is the function of the mesothelium in the epicardium?

A

secretes a serous lubricating fluid

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22
Q

What is the function of the mesothelium in the parietal pericardium?

A

secretes serous fluid

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23
Q

What composes the pericardial sac?

A

parietal pericardium

fibrous pericardium

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24
Q

What is found between the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium?

A

pericardial cavity

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25
Q

What are valves made up of?

A

endothelium with dense irregular CT below

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26
Q

What are some characteristics of the dense irregular CT in valves?

A
  • has many collage I and elastic fibers

- almost avascular

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27
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton made up of?

A

dense irregular CT

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28
Q

What are the three components of the cardiac skeleton?

A
  1. annuli fibrosi
  2. trigonum fibrosum
  3. upper portion of interventricular septum
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29
Q

Where do you find annuli fibrosi?

A

around base of aorta, pulmonary artery and openings to chambers

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30
Q

Where do you find the trigonum fibrosum?

A

by cusps of aortic valve

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31
Q

What is the septum membranaceum?

A

upper portion of interventricular septum

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32
Q

What is the general function of the cardiac skeleton?

A

isolate atrial and ventricular chambers to ensure individual chamber contractions

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33
Q

What type of CT is found in the chordae tendinae?

A

dense regular CT

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34
Q

The tunica intima is a conitnuation of the…?

A

endocardium

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35
Q

The tunica media is a continuation of the…?

A

myocardium

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36
Q

The tunica aventitia is a continuation of the…?

A

epicardium

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37
Q

What type of tissue composed the endothelium?

A

simple squamous

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38
Q

What are the 6 basic functions of vascular endothelium?

A
  1. maintain selective permeability
  2. prevent & promote clotting along surface
  3. influence blood flow
  4. regulate cell growth in surrounding tissues
  5. influence local immune responses
  6. maintain extracellular matrix
39
Q

Which major luminal wall layer is thicker in elastic arteries?

A

tunica intima

40
Q

What are the two primary components of the tunica media in elastic arteries?

A

thin layers of smooth muscle alternating with fenestrated sheets of elastic lamina

41
Q

What structure is typically on the outer portion of the tunica media?

A

vasa vasorum

42
Q

What is another term for muscular arteries?

A

distributing arteries

43
Q

Which major luminal wall layer is very thin in muscular arteries?

A

tunica intima

44
Q

What is an important structural componant in the tunica intima of muscular that helps with differentiation?

A

internal elastic lamina

45
Q

Which major luminal wall layer is the thickest in muscular arteries?

A

tunica media

>this is also the case in arterioles

46
Q

How does the smooth muscle in the tunica media in arterioles contribute to an individual’s BP?

A

smooth muscle is typically partially contracted

47
Q

The width of elastic arteries increase in your 20s due to an increase number of elastic lamina in which major luminal wall layer?

A

tunica media

48
Q

What happens to collagen & proteoglycans in muscular arteries as you age?

A

increase causing a decrease in flexibility

49
Q

What is a cause of HTN?

A

decrease in elastic fibers and increase in collagen I

50
Q

How can the tunica media be affected in HTN?

A

collagen I and sulfated GAG’s can accumulated

51
Q

Why is the endothelium of the tunica intima prone to develop problems?

A

blood is moving fast

52
Q

What major luminal wall layer is absent in metarterioles?

A

tunica media

>(thoroughfare channels)

53
Q

What do the metarterioles allow?

A

blood to pulse through true capillaries

54
Q

Where are metarterioles found?

A

in all capillary beds

55
Q

What major luminal wall layer is thicker in arteriovenous anastomosis?

A

tunica media & tunica adventitia

56
Q

What is the function of ANS nerves on arteriovenous anastomosis?

A

control AVA lumen size and therefore the amount of blood into capillaries

57
Q

Are AVAs typically closed or open in the skin & stomach?

A

closed: blood goes into capillary beds

if open it bypasses capillary beds

58
Q

Are AVAs typically closed or open in erectile tissues?

A

open: less blood into erectile tissue capillaries

59
Q

What controls blood flow into capillaries?

A
  1. metarterioles
  2. AVAs (some locations)
  3. lumen size of terminal arteriole
  4. pre-capillary sphincters*
60
Q

What type of cells are seen in capillaries?

A

single layer of flattened endothelial cells

61
Q

What is the function of pinocytic vesicles in capillaries?

A

movement of large molecules

62
Q

What type of cell junctions are seen in capillaries?

A

fasciae occludens (tight junctions)

63
Q

What is the function of cell junctions in capillaries?

A
  • move macromolecules

- allows cell movement

64
Q

What is the most common capillary type?

A

continuous capillary

65
Q

What are some locations for continous capillaries?

A

muscle, CT, many organs

66
Q

What are some characteristics of pericytes?

A
  • considered residual mesenchyme cells
  • numerous in capillaries and venules
  • secrete basement membrane & matrix components
  • can DIVIDE
67
Q

What can pericytes change into?

A

smooth muscle, endothelial cells & fibroblasts

68
Q

What are some functions of pericytes?

A

healing

regulate blood flow?

69
Q

What type of capillary is found in the CNS?

A

modified continuous capillary

70
Q

What type of gap junction is found on the capillaries in the CNS?

A

zonula occludens (instead of fasciae occludens)

71
Q

What are some locations of fenestrated capillaries?

A

pancreas, intestines, endocrine organs, kidneys*

72
Q

What is the function of fenestrated capillaries?

A

allow greater movement of molecules and cells

73
Q

What are some locations of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphatic organs & certain endocrine organs

74
Q

What is the function of fenestrated capillaries?

A

enhanced exchange between blood and tissues

75
Q

How are veins different than arteries?

A
  1. not as uniform in structure
  2. often larger diameter
  3. higher number*
76
Q

What are the function of valves?

A
  1. protection by preventing backflow

2. works with skeletal muscle to keep blood moving

77
Q

What are valves made of?

A

tunica intima & fibroelastic CT

78
Q

Do postcapillary venules have all luminal wall layers?

A

Not all

-no tunica media or adventitia

79
Q

What is there a lot of in the tunica intima of postcapillary venules?

A

pericytes

80
Q

Do collecting venules have all luminal wall layers?

A

Not all

-no tunica media

81
Q

Do muscular venules have all luminal wall layers?

A

yes

82
Q

What is different about the tunica media in muscular venules?

A

they have an incomplete smooth muscle layer

83
Q

What happens when venules become inflamed?

A

will end up with leaky venules since it has an incomlete tunica media

84
Q

Small veins are similar to muscular venules except…?

A

they have a complete tunica media

85
Q

What is the most dominant major luminal wall layer in medium veins?

A

tunica adventitia

86
Q

What is the most dominant luminal wall layer in large veins?

A

tunica adventitia

87
Q

What is the major luminal wall layer in superficial veins of the legs?

A

tunica media: pump blood back up

88
Q

What is different about pulmonary veins?

A
  • well-developed tunica media

- tunica adventitia has some cardiac muscle close to heart

89
Q

What is different about the superior vena cava?

A

the tunica adventitia has some cardiac muscle close to the heart

90
Q

What is different about the inferior vena cava?

A

the tunica adventitia has some cardiac muscle clos to the heart and some longitudinal smooth muscle

91
Q

What are 5 things that make lymphatic capillaries different than blood capillaries?

A
  1. blind ended - begin suddenly
  2. no pericytes
  3. endothelial cells can overlap but create clefts
  4. no fenestrae or tight junctions
  5. contain bundles of lymphatic anchoring filaments
92
Q

What do the lymphatic anchoring filaments contain?

A

elastic fibers

93
Q

What is the function of lymphatic anchoring filaments?

A

support endothelial walls so capillaries stay open and hold to CT

Organ Histology (6 decks)

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