Respiratory System Flashcards
What does O2 & CO2 exchange increase?
respiratory portion
What type of epithelium is seen in the vestibule of the nasal cavity?
keratinzed stratified squamous to respiratory
What glands are found in the CT of the nasal cavity vestibule?
sebaceous and sweat glands
What is the support from in the nasal cavity vestibule?
hyaline cartilage & dense irregular CT
What are vibrissae?
large particle filter found in nasal vestibule
Where is the respiratory region located?
between limen nasi and superior and middle concha
What are the 4 functions of the respiratory region?
- warm air
- clean air
- humidify air
- provide defense
What type of epithelium is present in the respiratory region?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar
What is the mucociliry apparatus?
goblets and ciliated columnr cells that act as a particle filter (medium sized)
Where are the glands in the respiratory region found and what type are they?
lamina propria
seromucous glands
What are the serous products and what is their function?
- lysozome = antibacterial
- interferons = anti-viral
- cytokines = stim defensive cells
- air humidity
What is the overall function of the serous products?
act as the small particle filter
What else is found in the lamina propria?
cavernous plexus
many large venules
What are the functions of the cavernous plexus?
- warm air
- humidity air
- provide defense
What happens when venules enlarge in the lamina propria due to inflammation?
lamina propria icnreases in size ==> decrease in lumen ==> stuffy nose
What happens when O2 increases in the lamina propria due to inflammation?
stimulates seromucous gland secretion ==> runny nose
What supports the lamina propria?
hyaline cartilage and bone
What type of epithelium is found in the olfactory region?
olfactory epithelium with supporting and basal cells and olfactory neurons
What do supporting cells provide in the olfactory region?
physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation
What is the appearance of supporting cells if the olfactory region?
columnar cells with microvilli
What structure does the olfactory neurons pass through?
cribriform plate
What is the function of olfactory (Bowman’s) glands in the olfactory region?
produces a serous product to “cleanse” olfactory cilia
Where are paranasal sinuses found?
ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxilla bones
How are pranasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavity?
through sinal ostia
What type of epithelium is found in the paranasal sinuses?
respiratory epithelium
What are the characteristics of the lamina propria in the paranasal sinuses?
thing, has seromucous glands and is quite vascular
What it the problem with small ostia?
if lamina propria swells, the ostia become blocked and a sinus infection can thrive
What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
What type of epithelium is found in the nasopharynx?
respiratory
What type of epithelium is found in the orpharynx?
stratified squamous
What type of epithelium is found in the laryngopharynx?
stratified squamous
Where are tonsils located in the pharynx?
in the lamina propria
What tonsils are found in the nasopharynx?
pharyngeal tonsils
What tonsils are found in the oropharynx?
palatine and lingual tonsils
What tonsils are found in the laryngopharynx?
no tonsils!
Is there muscularis mucosa found in the pharynx?
no
What is another term for the submucosa of the pharynx?
pharyngobasilar fascia
What is the arrangement of the muscularis externa in the pharynx?
reversed pattern: inner longitudinal, outer circular
What is another term form the adventitia in the pharynx?
buccopharyngeal fascia
What is the composition of the buccopharyngeal fascia?
epimysium of buccinator muscle blends into adventitia of pharynx
Where is the larynx located?
between pharynx and trachea
What type of epithelium is found on the upper part of the epiglottis?
stratified squamous
parts will transition to respiratory
What are the characteristics of the lamina propria in the larynx?
loose CT with seromucous glands
What are the functions of the cartilage withing the layrnx?
- maintain an open airway
2. aid sound production (along w/ skeletal ms)
What are they types of cartilage found in the larynx?
hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilate
What type of cartilage makes up the thyroid, cricoid & inferior arytenoid cartilages?
hyaline cartilage
What type of cartilage makes makes up the epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate & superior arytenoid cartilages?
elastic cartilage
What is the general function of the epiglottis?
keep food and liquid out of the larynx
What type of epithelium makes up the vestibular folds?
respiratory epithelium
What are characteristics of the lamina propria in the vestibular folds?
loose CT with seromucous glands & possible lymph nodes
What type of epithelium is found in the laryngeal ventricle?
stratified squamous
What type of epithelium is found in the vocal folds?
stratified squamous
What is the function of the stratified squamous epi in vocal folds?
protect from abrasion and drying of tissues due to rapid movement
What are characteristics of the lamina propria in the vocal folds?
dense regular bundles of elastic CT
supports vocal fold
Where is the vocalis muscle located?
deep to the mucosa in vocal folds
What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the trachea?
respiratory epithelium
What is the function of the brush cells in the trachea mucosa?
chemosensory (monitor air quality?)
What are DNES cells?
part of the neuroendocrine system that secrete in LP and likely influence other cells
What are the characteristics of the lamina propria in trachea mucosa?
loose CT with seromucous glands that is quite vascular
Is there muscularis mucosa in the tracheaa?
no
What is seen in the submucosa of the trachea?
a hyaline cartilage C ring
What composes the muscularis externa in the trachea?
individual trachealis muscle
What is found in the adventitia of the trachea?
CT
no serosa*
What is included in the extrapulmonary bronchi?
primary bronchi
What are some structural aspects that are decreased in bronchi?
amount of cartilage
number of glands
number of goblet cells
height of epi
What are some structural aspects that are increased in bronchi?
smooth muscle
elastic CT
What is included in intrapulmonary bronchi?
lobar and segmental bronchi
What are characteristics of bronchioles?
- no cartilage
- no seromucous glands
- complete smooth muscle layer
What type of epithelium is found in bronchioles?
ciliated simple columnar/cuboidal with some goblets and clara cells
What cell is only found in bronchioles?
clara cells
What are some characteristics of clara cells?
- protect epi
- produce enzyme that degrades toxins
- regenerate bronchiolar epi
- secrete lysozome & produces surfactant-type material
What other cells are found in the bronchioles?
chemosensory brush cells and DNES small granule cells
What are terminal bronchioles?
last part of the conducting portion of respiratory system
What type of epithelium is found in the terminal bronchioles?
simple columnar/cuboidal with clara cells and some cilia
What are the characteristics of the lamina propria of the terminal bronchioles?
fibroelastic CT
What are the respiratory bronchioles?
first region of respiratory portion of the respiratory system
What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory bronchioles?
simple cuboidal with clara cells and some cilia
also has some simple squamous epi
What does the presence of simple squamous epithelium in the respiratory bronchioles allow to happen?
gas exchange
What is the general function of alveolar ducts?
gas exchange
What is the general function of alveolar sacs?
gas exchange
What is the general function of alveoli?
gas exchange
What are the most common cell types in alveoli?
- alveolar type I
- alveolar type II
- alveolar macrophages
What is the make up of alveolar type I cells?
squamous type cells with zonula occludens between cells
What is the general function of alveolar type I cells?
gas exchange
Where are alveolar type I cells most commonly found?
on alveolar surface
What is the make up of alveolar type II cells?
cuboidal cells
Where are alveolar type II cells mostly found?
sides between alveoli
What are the general functions of alveolar type II cells?
- stem cell for alveolar type I & II
- produce pulmonary surfactant
- produce lysozome
Alveolar macrophages arise from what cell?
monocytes
What is the general function of alveolar macrophages?
clean septal walls using phagocytosis
What is the interalveolar septum?
region between two alveoli
What is found in the interalveolar septum?
- alveolar type I & II
- continuous capillaries
- fibroblasts
- basal lamina
- small amount of CT with many elastic fibers
What is the blood-gas barrier?
region where O2 and CO2 pass between the air and blood
What structure in alveoli help equalize pressure?
pores that are present in alveoli
How are goblet cells affected by chronic exposure to irritants?
increase in number ==> increase mucous secretion
How are ciliated columnar cells affected by chronic exposure to irritants?
decrease in number ==> congestion increases
How are seromucous glands affected by chronic exposure to irritants?
increase in size ==> more fluid
What can an increase in coughing cause?
develop patches of stratified squamous epi instead of respiratory
(metaplasia)
What causes respiratory distress of the newborn?
too few mature alveolar type II cells
What is another term for respiratory distress of the newborn?
hyaline membrane disease
What is the problem in emphysema?
decrease in elastin so there is a decrease in alveolar elasticity
What protein produces elastic fibers?
alpha-1 antitrypsin
What produces alpha-1 AT?
hepatocytes
What inactivates alpha-1 AT?
free radicals in cigarette smoke
What do macrophages and neutrophils secrete during inflammation?
elastase
What is the issue in genetic emphysema?
hepatocytes produce alpha-1 AT, but cannot release it
Is emphysema autosomal dominant or recessive?
autosomal dominant
