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Organ Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does O2 & CO2 exchange increase?

A

respiratory portion

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2
Q

What type of epithelium is seen in the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

A

keratinzed stratified squamous to respiratory

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3
Q

What glands are found in the CT of the nasal cavity vestibule?

A

sebaceous and sweat glands

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4
Q

What is the support from in the nasal cavity vestibule?

A

hyaline cartilage & dense irregular CT

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5
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

large particle filter found in nasal vestibule

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6
Q

Where is the respiratory region located?

A

between limen nasi and superior and middle concha

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7
Q

What are the 4 functions of the respiratory region?

A
  1. warm air
  2. clean air
  3. humidify air
  4. provide defense
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8
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the respiratory region?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

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9
Q

What is the mucociliry apparatus?

A

goblets and ciliated columnr cells that act as a particle filter (medium sized)

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10
Q

Where are the glands in the respiratory region found and what type are they?

A

lamina propria

seromucous glands

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11
Q

What are the serous products and what is their function?

A
  1. lysozome = antibacterial
  2. interferons = anti-viral
  3. cytokines = stim defensive cells
  4. air humidity
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12
Q

What is the overall function of the serous products?

A

act as the small particle filter

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13
Q

What else is found in the lamina propria?

A

cavernous plexus

many large venules

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14
Q

What are the functions of the cavernous plexus?

A
  1. warm air
  2. humidity air
  3. provide defense
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15
Q

What happens when venules enlarge in the lamina propria due to inflammation?

A

lamina propria icnreases in size ==> decrease in lumen ==> stuffy nose

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16
Q

What happens when O2 increases in the lamina propria due to inflammation?

A

stimulates seromucous gland secretion ==> runny nose

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17
Q

What supports the lamina propria?

A

hyaline cartilage and bone

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18
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the olfactory region?

A

olfactory epithelium with supporting and basal cells and olfactory neurons

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19
Q

What do supporting cells provide in the olfactory region?

A

physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation

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20
Q

What is the appearance of supporting cells if the olfactory region?

A

columnar cells with microvilli

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21
Q

What structure does the olfactory neurons pass through?

A

cribriform plate

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22
Q

What is the function of olfactory (Bowman’s) glands in the olfactory region?

A

produces a serous product to “cleanse” olfactory cilia

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23
Q

Where are paranasal sinuses found?

A

ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxilla bones

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24
Q

How are pranasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavity?

A

through sinal ostia

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25
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the paranasal sinuses?

A

respiratory epithelium

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of the lamina propria in the paranasal sinuses?

A

thing, has seromucous glands and is quite vascular

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27
Q

What it the problem with small ostia?

A

if lamina propria swells, the ostia become blocked and a sinus infection can thrive

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28
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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29
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the nasopharynx?

A

respiratory

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30
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the orpharynx?

A

stratified squamous

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31
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous

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32
Q

Where are tonsils located in the pharynx?

A

in the lamina propria

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33
Q

What tonsils are found in the nasopharynx?

A

pharyngeal tonsils

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34
Q

What tonsils are found in the oropharynx?

A

palatine and lingual tonsils

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35
Q

What tonsils are found in the laryngopharynx?

A

no tonsils!

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36
Q

Is there muscularis mucosa found in the pharynx?

A

no

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37
Q

What is another term for the submucosa of the pharynx?

A

pharyngobasilar fascia

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38
Q

What is the arrangement of the muscularis externa in the pharynx?

A

reversed pattern: inner longitudinal, outer circular

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39
Q

What is another term form the adventitia in the pharynx?

A

buccopharyngeal fascia

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40
Q

What is the composition of the buccopharyngeal fascia?

A

epimysium of buccinator muscle blends into adventitia of pharynx

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41
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

between pharynx and trachea

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42
Q

What type of epithelium is found on the upper part of the epiglottis?

A

stratified squamous

parts will transition to respiratory

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43
Q

What are the characteristics of the lamina propria in the larynx?

A

loose CT with seromucous glands

44
Q

What are the functions of the cartilage withing the layrnx?

A
  1. maintain an open airway

2. aid sound production (along w/ skeletal ms)

45
Q

What are they types of cartilage found in the larynx?

A

hyaline cartilage

elastic cartilate

46
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the thyroid, cricoid & inferior arytenoid cartilages?

A

hyaline cartilage

47
Q

What type of cartilage makes makes up the epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate & superior arytenoid cartilages?

A

elastic cartilage

48
Q

What is the general function of the epiglottis?

A

keep food and liquid out of the larynx

49
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the vestibular folds?

A

respiratory epithelium

50
Q

What are characteristics of the lamina propria in the vestibular folds?

A

loose CT with seromucous glands & possible lymph nodes

51
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the laryngeal ventricle?

A

stratified squamous

52
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the vocal folds?

A

stratified squamous

53
Q

What is the function of the stratified squamous epi in vocal folds?

A

protect from abrasion and drying of tissues due to rapid movement

54
Q

What are characteristics of the lamina propria in the vocal folds?

A

dense regular bundles of elastic CT

supports vocal fold

55
Q

Where is the vocalis muscle located?

A

deep to the mucosa in vocal folds

56
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the trachea?

A

respiratory epithelium

57
Q

What is the function of the brush cells in the trachea mucosa?

A

chemosensory (monitor air quality?)

58
Q

What are DNES cells?

A

part of the neuroendocrine system that secrete in LP and likely influence other cells

59
Q

What are the characteristics of the lamina propria in trachea mucosa?

A

loose CT with seromucous glands that is quite vascular

60
Q

Is there muscularis mucosa in the tracheaa?

A

no

61
Q

What is seen in the submucosa of the trachea?

A

a hyaline cartilage C ring

62
Q

What composes the muscularis externa in the trachea?

A

individual trachealis muscle

63
Q

What is found in the adventitia of the trachea?

A

CT

no serosa*

64
Q

What is included in the extrapulmonary bronchi?

A

primary bronchi

65
Q

What are some structural aspects that are decreased in bronchi?

A

amount of cartilage
number of glands
number of goblet cells
height of epi

66
Q

What are some structural aspects that are increased in bronchi?

A

smooth muscle

elastic CT

67
Q

What is included in intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

lobar and segmental bronchi

68
Q

What are characteristics of bronchioles?

A
  1. no cartilage
  2. no seromucous glands
  3. complete smooth muscle layer
69
Q

What type of epithelium is found in bronchioles?

A

ciliated simple columnar/cuboidal with some goblets and clara cells

70
Q

What cell is only found in bronchioles?

A

clara cells

71
Q

What are some characteristics of clara cells?

A
  1. protect epi
  2. produce enzyme that degrades toxins
  3. regenerate bronchiolar epi
  4. secrete lysozome & produces surfactant-type material
72
Q

What other cells are found in the bronchioles?

A

chemosensory brush cells and DNES small granule cells

73
Q

What are terminal bronchioles?

A

last part of the conducting portion of respiratory system

74
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the terminal bronchioles?

A

simple columnar/cuboidal with clara cells and some cilia

75
Q

What are the characteristics of the lamina propria of the terminal bronchioles?

A

fibroelastic CT

76
Q

What are the respiratory bronchioles?

A

first region of respiratory portion of the respiratory system

77
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory bronchioles?

A

simple cuboidal with clara cells and some cilia

also has some simple squamous epi

78
Q

What does the presence of simple squamous epithelium in the respiratory bronchioles allow to happen?

A

gas exchange

79
Q

What is the general function of alveolar ducts?

A

gas exchange

80
Q

What is the general function of alveolar sacs?

A

gas exchange

81
Q

What is the general function of alveoli?

A

gas exchange

82
Q

What are the most common cell types in alveoli?

A
  1. alveolar type I
  2. alveolar type II
  3. alveolar macrophages
83
Q

What is the make up of alveolar type I cells?

A

squamous type cells with zonula occludens between cells

84
Q

What is the general function of alveolar type I cells?

A

gas exchange

85
Q

Where are alveolar type I cells most commonly found?

A

on alveolar surface

86
Q

What is the make up of alveolar type II cells?

A

cuboidal cells

87
Q

Where are alveolar type II cells mostly found?

A

sides between alveoli

88
Q

What are the general functions of alveolar type II cells?

A
  1. stem cell for alveolar type I & II
  2. produce pulmonary surfactant
  3. produce lysozome
89
Q

Alveolar macrophages arise from what cell?

A

monocytes

90
Q

What is the general function of alveolar macrophages?

A

clean septal walls using phagocytosis

91
Q

What is the interalveolar septum?

A

region between two alveoli

92
Q

What is found in the interalveolar septum?

A
  1. alveolar type I & II
  2. continuous capillaries
  3. fibroblasts
  4. basal lamina
  5. small amount of CT with many elastic fibers
93
Q

What is the blood-gas barrier?

A

region where O2 and CO2 pass between the air and blood

94
Q

What structure in alveoli help equalize pressure?

A

pores that are present in alveoli

95
Q

How are goblet cells affected by chronic exposure to irritants?

A

increase in number ==> increase mucous secretion

96
Q

How are ciliated columnar cells affected by chronic exposure to irritants?

A

decrease in number ==> congestion increases

97
Q

How are seromucous glands affected by chronic exposure to irritants?

A

increase in size ==> more fluid

98
Q

What can an increase in coughing cause?

A

develop patches of stratified squamous epi instead of respiratory
(metaplasia)

99
Q

What causes respiratory distress of the newborn?

A

too few mature alveolar type II cells

100
Q

What is another term for respiratory distress of the newborn?

A

hyaline membrane disease

101
Q

What is the problem in emphysema?

A

decrease in elastin so there is a decrease in alveolar elasticity

102
Q

What protein produces elastic fibers?

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin

103
Q

What produces alpha-1 AT?

A

hepatocytes

104
Q

What inactivates alpha-1 AT?

A

free radicals in cigarette smoke

105
Q

What do macrophages and neutrophils secrete during inflammation?

A

elastase

106
Q

What is the issue in genetic emphysema?

A

hepatocytes produce alpha-1 AT, but cannot release it

107
Q

Is emphysema autosomal dominant or recessive?

A

autosomal dominant

Organ Histology (6 decks)

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