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Organ Histology > Digestive System (7) > Flashcards

Digestive System (7) Flashcards

1
Q

What are 8 functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. mastication
  3. secretion
  4. absorption
  5. elimination
  6. motility
  7. hormone release
  8. chemical digestion
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2
Q

Where is the masticatory mucosa found?

A

gingiva and hard palate

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3
Q

What type of surface epithelium is found in the masticatory mucosa?

A

keratinized or prakeratinized stratified squamous

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4
Q

What is special about the superficial cells of parakeratinized stratified squamous epi?

A

they keep their nuclei

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5
Q

What are the 2 parts of the lamina propria in the masticatory mucosa?

A 
1. papillary layer
   >thick loose CT
   >BV, nerves, sensory, meissner's
2. reticular layer
   >more dense CT
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6
Q

Where is lining mucosa found?

A

soft palate, underside of tongue, floor of mouth, cheeks and lips

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7
Q

What surface epithelium is generally found on lining mucosa?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi

occasionally prekaratinized

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8
Q

What type of surface epi is found on the vermilian zone?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epi

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9
Q

Which areas are thicker, ares of non-keratinized or areas of keratinized stratified squamous?

A

non-keratinized

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10
Q

What are characteristics of the lamina propria in lining mucosa?

A

loose CT with BV and nerves

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11
Q

What are characteristics of the submucosa in lining mucosa?

A
  • more dense CT
  • can have minor salivary glands, sebaceous glands (mouth corners)
  • can have larger BV and nerves
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12
Q

Where is specialized mucosa found?

A

dorsal surface of tongue

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13
Q

What type of surface epi is found on filiform papillae?

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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14
Q

What type of surface epi is found on the other papillae (besides filiform)?

A

stratified squamous

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15
Q

What is the general function of the specialized mucosa (papillae)?

A
  1. move food

2. taste

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16
Q

What is the arrangement of the mucosa in the tongue?

A

thicker dorsally

thinner and smoother posteriorly

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17
Q

What is the surface epi of the tongue mucosa?

A
  1. keratinized on filiform

2. stratified on others

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18
Q

Small salivary (von Ebner) glandsd are associated with which papillae?

A

vallate

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19
Q

What is the function o von Ebner glands?

A

produce serous fluid to cleanse the taste buds on vallate papillae

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20
Q

Which papillae have taste buds?

A

all except filiform papillae

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21
Q

What are characteristics of the lamina propria in the mucosa of the tongue?

A

loose CT; adipose possble

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22
Q

What does the submucosa of the tongue mucosa contain?

A

lingual salivary glands

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23
Q

What is one of the main characteristics of the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A
  • no external attachment

- skeletal muscle

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24
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

change tongue shape

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25
Q

What is lost after tooth eruption?

A

ameloblasts

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26
Q

What is the function of ameloblasts?

A

produce enamel

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27
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body?

A

enamel

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28
Q

What is enamel made up of?

A

interlinked enamel rods

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29
Q

Can we make more enamel after tooth eruption?

A

no

ameloblasts are lost after tooth eruption

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30
Q

What is the make up dentin?

A

thin dentinal tubules containing nerves and cell processes of odontoblasts

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31
Q

What is the precursor to dentin before mineralization?

A

predentin

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32
Q

What is the function of odontoblasts?

A
  • repair and produce dentin

- maintain dentin

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33
Q

What are odontoblasts?

A

columnar cells lining pulp cavity

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34
Q

What is dental papilla

A

CT with many BV and nerves

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35
Q

What can dental papilla also be called?

A

dental pulp

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36
Q

T/F: extensive inflammation in the dental papilla can be problematic?

A

true

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37
Q

Which is the largest salivary gland?

A

parotid gland

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38
Q

What products does the parotid gland make?

A
  1. salivary amylase
  2. lysosome
  3. secretory IgA
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39
Q

What is the function of salivary amylase?

A

break down carbs

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40
Q

What type of gland is the submandibular gland?

A

mixed gland

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41
Q

What is the major product of the submandibular gland?

A

serous products (80-90%)

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42
Q

Which gland is the smallest salivary gland?

A

sublingual gland

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43
Q

What is the major product of the sublingual gland?

A

mucus products (80%)

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44
Q

Where do all serous products come from in the sublingual gland?

A

demilunes

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45
Q

Which gland is 100% serous producing?

A

parotid gland

46
Q

In general what is the muscularis mucosae made up of in the digestive tract?

A

smooth muscle

47
Q

What is the function of submucosal plexus (Meissner)?

A

influence the mucosa

48
Q

What is the fiber orientation of the muscularis externa in the digestive tract?

A

normal pattern: inner circular, outer longitudinal

49
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus (Auerbach)?

A

influence muscularis externa

50
Q

What is the surface eipthelium of the esophageal mucosa?

A

stratified surface squamous epi

51
Q

What type of glands are found in the esophageal lamina propria?

A

esophageal cardiac glands

52
Q

What is the function of the esophageal cardiac glands?

A

produce neutral mucus to protect esophageal epithelium

53
Q

What glands are found in the esophageal submucosa?

A

esophageal glands (proper)

54
Q

What is the function of the esophageal glands?

A

produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food

55
Q

What is the arrangement of the esophageal muscularis externa?

A

normal pattern: inner circular and outer longitudinal

56
Q

What type of muscle is seen in the upper 1/3 of the esophagus?

A

all skeletal muscle

57
Q

What type of muscle is seen in the middle 1/3 of the esophagus?

A

mixture of smooth and skeletal muscle

58
Q

What type of muscle is seen in the lower 1/3 of the esophagus?

A

all smooth muscle

59
Q

What is the last 1-2 inches of the esophagus (after diaphragm) made up of?

60
Q

What type of sphincters are the pharyngoesophageal and gastroesophageal sphincters?

A

physiological sphincters

61
Q

Where is the pharyngoesohageal sphincter found?

A

between the oropharynx and esophagus

62
Q

Where is the gastroesophageal sphincter found?

A

between esophagus and stomach

63
Q

What are 2 main characteristics of physiological sphincters?

A
  1. no thickening of circular muscle in muscularis externa

2. pressure gradient aids movement

64
Q

What is the primary function of the stomach?

65
Q

What are the other functions of the stomach?

A
  1. continue digestion of carbs

2. nutrient breakdown: primarily chemical

66
Q

What type of surface epithelium is seen in the stomach mucosa?

A

simple columnar epi

67
Q

What is another term for surface mucous cells?

A

surface lining cells

68
Q

What is the function of the surface mucous cells?

A
  1. produce thick visible mucus

2. secrete bicarbonate ions

69
Q

In what layer are the arteriovenous anastomosis found in the stomach?

70
Q

What is the function of the arteriovenous anastomosis in the stomach?

A

shut down activity and secretion FAST

71
Q

What is the function of the submucosal plexus?

A

influence mucosa

example: secretion, blood flow, muscle contractions

72
Q

Which muscle layer in the muscularis externa is sometimes present?

A

innermost oblique

73
Q

Which muscle layer in the muscularis externa is well developed?

A

middle circular

74
Q

Which muscle layer in the muscularis externa is present, but thin?

A

outer longitudinal

75
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

A

stimulate muscularis externa

76
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus found?

A

between the circular and longitudinal layers

77
Q

What types of cells are found in the cardiac region of the stomach?

A
  • surface mucous
  • neck mucous
  • few DNES
  • parietal cells
  • NO CHIEF CELLS
78
Q

What do surface mucous cells in the isthmus produce?

A

thick visible mucus that traps bicarbonate iions

79
Q

What is the function of the surface mucous cells in the isthmus?

A

protect mucosa from auto-digestion and the rougher components of chyme

80
Q

What is another term for DNES cells?

A

enteroendocrine cells

81
Q

What is the product and function of Type G DNES cells?

A

produces gastrin the stimulates HCl and pepsinogen secretion, gastric motility, adn regenerative cells in body of stomach

82
Q

What is the function of the neck mucous cells?

A

produce soluble, less alkaline mucus that lubricate gastric contents

83
Q

What is the function of the regenerative cells in the neck of the gastric gland?

A

replace all cell types

84
Q

What does the parietal cells in the neck of the gastric gland produce?

A
  • HCl

- gastric intrinsic factor

85
Q

What is the function of gastric intrinsic factor?

A

necessary for vitamin B12 absorption

86
Q

What do the chief cells produce?

A
  • pepsinogen* (break down protein)

- gastric lipase (break down fats)

87
Q

What are some characteristics of an anatomical sphincter?

A
  1. well developed inner circular layer of muscle in ME

2. inner circular layer in ME can be independently controlled

88
Q

What type of sphincter is the pyloric sphincter?

A

anatomical sphincter

89
Q

What type of epithelium is seen in the small intestine?

A

simple columnar

90
Q

What is another term for the surface absorptive cells?

A

enterocytes

91
Q

What are the functions of the surface absorptive cells in the SI?

A
  1. absorb water and nutrients

2. terminal digestion in glycocalyx

92
Q

What are the products of DNES cells in the small intestine?

A

CCK
GIP
Secretin

93
Q

What are unique cells in the small intestine?

A

paneth cells

94
Q

Where are paneth cells located?

A

at the base of the crypts (intestinal glands)

95
Q

What do paneth cells produce?

96
Q

Where are M cells found?

A

in ileum epithelium over Peyer’s Patches

97
Q

What is the general function of M cells?

A

promote humoral immunity

important in maintaining appropriate gut flora

98
Q

What are lacteals?

A

lymphatic capillaries found in the villus core of the LP

99
Q

What is the function of lacteals?

A

lipid absorption

100
Q

What do the Brunner glands primarily produce?

A

alkaline mucus which neutralizes chyme

101
Q

What is a secondary product that Brunner glands make?

A

urogastrone which inhibits HCL secretion

102
Q

What type of sphincter is the ileocecal valve?

A

anatomical and physiological sphincter

103
Q

What are 3 important factors of the appendix?

A
  1. short crypts
  2. no villi
  3. no paneth cells
104
Q

What are notable structures in the submucosa of the appendix?

A

numerous lymph nodes

105
Q

What are the 2 functions of the appendix?

A
  1. humoral immunity

2. reservoir for good bacteria

106
Q

What is the primary function of the colon?

A

water absorption

107
Q

What type of epi is in the colon?

A

simple columnar

108
Q

What are the absorptive cells in the colon?

A

colonocytes

109
Q

Does the colon have villi or paneth cells?

110
Q

Is the pattern of the ME in the colon normal?

A

no - outer longitudinal muscle gathered into bands = taniae coli

111
Q

Does the ascending and descending colons have adventitia or serosa?

A

mainly adventitia with some serosa

112
Q

Does the transverse and sigmoid colons have adventitia or serosa?

A

mostly serosa; mixed

Organ Histology (6 decks)

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