Urinary System Flashcards
produced by injecting small amount of radiopaque dye into vein. as it passes through kidneys and is cleared into urine, series of x-rays provide a time-lapse view of urinary system flow. useful in diagnosing renal calculi. if urine flow is normal, entire pathway appears dark on x-ray. if there is a blockage, dark coloration will suddenly stop at the area of the blockage
intravenous pyelogram
kidney stone. formed from crystalline minerals built up in kidney. most have calcium with wither oxalate or phosphate. second most common type are struvite stones formed from ammonium and phosphate. frequent UTIs may predispose person to struvite stones
renal calculus
greatly diminished or absent renal function caused by destruction of about 90% of tissue in the kidney. cannont regenerate or begin functioning again. two treatments are dialysis or transplant
Renal Failure
to separate agents or particles on the basis of their size. two forms.
dialysis
catheter is permanently placed in peritoneal cavity to which a bag of dialysis fluid can be attached externally. as fluid enters peritoneal cavity, waste products are transferred from blood into fluid. after several hours, fluid is drained and replaced with fresh fluid
peritoneal dialysis
blood is cycled through machine that filters waste products across a specially designed membrane. vascular connection is made between superficial artery and vain called a shunt and is externally accessible. metabolic waste products are removed. must be performed 3-4 times a week, taking 4 hours each.
hemodialysis
high level of calcium in the urine leads to calcium stones
Hypercalcuria
presence of renal calculi anywhere along the urinary tract. severe cramping pain along “loin-to-groin” region. epithelium of ureter becomes inflamed as it pushed stone along its path. results in hematuria
urolithiasis
blood in the urine
hematuria
ultrasound or shock waves are directed toward stones to pulverize them into smaller particles that can be expelled in the urine
lithotripsy
scope inserted from urethra into bladder and ureter to break up and remove stone
ureteroscopy
those prone to kidney stones are advised to avoid foods high in oxalates such as…
spinach, swiss chard, sweet potato, and chocolate.
occurs when bacteria, most commonly E.coli, or fungi enter and multiply within urinary tract. women more prone due to shorter urethra that is close to anus.sex and catheters increase risk.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
inflammation of urethra. first to develop in UTI
urethritis
infection spreds to urinary bladder
cystitis
untreated UTI bacteria spread up ureters to kidneys
pyelonephritis
painful urination
dysuria
test of the urine that can reveal presence of inflammatory cells, blood, and bacteria or fungi
urinalysis
failure of a kidney to develop.
renal agenesis
developing kidney fails to migrate from pelvic cavity to abdominal cavity. receives blood supply from branches on common iliac artery as opposed to branches on aorta. usually normal function and causes not problems
pelvic kidney
inferior parts of L and R kidneys fuse as they try to ascend from the pelvic cavity into the abdominal cavity. migration is halted as it gets stuck around origin of inferior mesenteric artery. typically asymptomatic and functions normally
Horseshoe Kidney
extra kidneys that develop from ureteric bud duplication. very rare. typically no clinical significance
supernumerary kidneys. duplicated or bifid ureter travel to single kidney
temporary vessels during migration fail to degenerate, kidney is left with multiple vessels
Multiple Renal Vessels
