Digestive System #1 Flashcards
Another name for GI tract
Alimentary canal
Digestive organs
Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
Accessory Digestive Organs
Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
The physical breakdown of ingested materials.
Mechanical Digestion
The breaking down of ingested molecules into smaller molecules by using enzymes.
Chemical Digestion
Two types of movement in Alimentary Canal
Peristalsis and Segmentation
It is the process of muscular contraction that forms ripples along part of the GI tract. It starts in the esophagus.
Peristalsis
It is the churning and mixing movements in the small intestine which help dispense the material being digested and combining it with intestinal secretions.
Segmentation
It means dregs.
Feces
It is the injecting of food directly into a vein and is very expensive.
Hyperalimentation
It is the space between the cheeks or lips and the gums. This is where a person places chewing tobacco in the mouth.
Vestibule of Oral cavity
It lies central to the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae
Oral Cavity Proper
Why are lips more red?
They have an abundant supply of superficial blood vessels and the reduced amount of keratin within their outer skin.
It is the tether that is found medially at the upper and lower lips inside the mouth.
Labial Frenulum
They are friction ridges that are found at the roof of the mouth caused by the hard palate.
Transverse Palatine Folds
It is the tether underneath the tongue
Lingual Frenulum
It is an enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starch into maltose which also contains lysozyme (inhibits bacterial activity).
Amylase
They are the largest salivary glands. Its duct empties near the second upper molar in the vestibule of oral cavity. When swollen, it is associated with mumps and can lead to problems with the testes. What is it innervated by?
Parotid gland. It is innervated by CN IX: Glossopharangeal
They are found inferior to the mandible. This duct empties to the lateral sides of the lingual frenulum. These are the squirters of gleeking. What are they innervated by?
Submandibular glands. It is innervated by CN VII: Facial
They are inferior to the tongue and empty out into many ducts. Innervation?
Sublingual glands. It is innervated by CN Vii: Facial
They are also called milk teeth or baby teeth.
Deciduous Teeth
Number of types of Teeth per quadrant
2 incisors
1 canine (eye teeth)
2 Premolars (bicuspids)
3 Molars
Superior, Middle, and Inferior Pharyngeal constrictors. As these muscles work the epiglottis of the larynx closes over the laryngeal opening. Innervation?
Pharyngeal Muscles. CN X: Vagus nerves innervates most of the pharyngeal muscles.
Intraperitoneal Organs
Stomach Jejunum Ileum Cecum Appendix Transverse colon Sigmoid Colon
Retroperitoneal Organs
Kidneys Pancreas Duodenum Ascending Colon Descending Colon Rectum Bladder
They are double layered folds of the peritoneum that support and stabilize the intraperitoneal GI tract organs. Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are sandwiched between the two layers.
Mesenteries
Name the 5 types of Mesenteries
Greater Omentum Lesser Omentum Mesentery Proper Mesecolon Peritoneal Ligament
extends inf. like an apron. Covers most abdominal organs
Greater Omentum
Connects the curvature of stomach to duodenum
Lesser Omentum
Fan-shpaed fold that suspends the small intestine
Mesentery Proper
attaches parts of large intestine to post. abdominal wall.
Mesecolon
A type of mesentery that attaches one organ to another or lateral abdominal wall.
Peritoneal Ligament
Name the Tunics of the GI tract from deep to superficial
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia or Serosa
also mucous membrane that has absorptive and secretory functions.
Mucosa
It is dense irregular connective tissue which contains nerve plexuses, large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, and mucin-secreting glands.
Submucosa
Contains two layers: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer. It is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation. The inner circular layer can be thickened and become a Sphincter.
Muscularis
Adventitia or Serosa
Retroperitoneal organs have Adventitia but Intraperitoneal organs have Serosa.
It is the inferior region of the esophagus that connects to the stomach by passing through an opening in the diaphragm. It is involved in Gastroesophageal Reflux
Esophageal Hiatus
Most absorption of food occurs here.
Jejunum
Gastroesophageal reflux
It can be caused by cigarettes, caffeine, chocolate, tomatoes, and peppermint. The baby in the article had this because the mother drank a root beer that contained caffeine. The baby experienced abnormal breathing in supine position.
acidic chyme refluxes into esophagus, causing burning pain and irritation. most common in smokers, obesity, just eaten large meal, and have hiatal hernias.
reflux esophagitis
portion of stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity
hiatal hernia
chronic reflux esophagitis lead to a condition where frequent gastric reflux erodes esophageal tissue. scar tissue builds up, narrowing the esophageal lumen.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
the change from one type of cell to another
metaplasia
in advanced cases, of GERD, esophageal epithelium may change from stratified squamous to a simple columnar epithelium. this metaplasia increases the risk of cancerous growths.
Barratt esophagus
chronic, solitary erosion of a portion of the lining of either the stomach or the duodenum
peptic ulcer
peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach
gastric ulcers
peptic ulcers in the superior part of the duodenum
duodenal ulcers
ulcer erode the entire organ wall. medical emergency
perforation
irritation of the gastric mucosa. NSAIDS are common cause. Helicobacter pylori bacterium is present in 70% or gastric ulcer cases and 90% of duodenal ulcer cases. leukocytes that destroy the bacteria, destroy the mucous neck cells further irritating the stomach lining and creating an ideal environment for continued h. pylori colonization.
gastritis
