Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • water and electrolyte homeostasis
  • excretion of toxic metabolite waste products and excess water
  • production of hormones: renin and erythropoietin
  • regulation of blood pressure
  • activation of vitamin D
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2
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney and what does it include?

A

the nephron

  • renal corpuscle and renal tubules
  • not including collecting ducts and tubules
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3
Q

What does the cortex of the kidney contain?

A
  • renal corpuscles
  • proximal convoluted tubules
  • nephron loops of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubules
  • collecting ducts
  • peritubular capillary plexuses
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4
Q

What does the medulla of the kidney contain?

A
  • nephron loops of Henle
  • collecting ducts, vasa recta
  • interstitial cells
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5
Q

Describe the renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerulus surrounded by Bowman’s capsule
  • vascular pole urinary pole, urinary space
  • only present in cortex of kidney
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6
Q

What are the cells within the renal corpuscle?

A
  • podocytes: visceral layer of glomerular capsule
  • squamous cells: parietal layer of glomerular capsule
  • endothelial cells: form fenestrated glomerular capillaries
  • mesangial cells: between the fenestrated capillaries
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7
Q

Describe the path of potential urine through the kidney

A
  • fenestrated capillaries allow small molecules to pass into urinary space
  • filtrate enters proximal convoluted tubule
  • enters descending loop of Henle, the ascending loop
  • goes to distal convoluted tubule
  • some molecules are reabsorbed and returned to blood of perilobular plexus or vasa recta
  • others empty into ureter and become urine
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8
Q

Describe the path of blood through the kidney

A

renal a. > segmental a. > interlobular a. > arcuate a. > interlobular a. > afferent arteriole > glomerulus > efferent arteriole > peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

interlobular vein > arcuate vein > interlobular vein > renal vein

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9
Q

Describe the layers of the blood-urine barrier

A
  • endothelium of glomerular capillary (numerous pores, fenestrations)
  • glomerular basement membrane (fused basal lamina of capillaries and podocytes)
  • podocytes (inter-digitating trabeculae and pedicles form slit pores between processes)
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10
Q

Describe Mesangial cells

A
  • between glomerular capillaries
  • phagocytic cells
  • contractile
  • receptors for Angiotensin II and ANP
  • provide some structural support to capillaries
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11
Q

Describe proximal tubules

A
  • begin at urinary pole of renal corpuscle
  • convoluted in cortex
  • lined by single layer of cuboidal cells with apical microvili
  • cells absorb Na+, water, glucose, and amino acids
  • basal striations
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12
Q

Describe nephron loops

A
  • thin descending and ascending segments, and thick ascending segment
  • squamous lines the thin segments, cuboidal lines the thick segments
  • parallel course of vasa recta for ion and water exchange
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13
Q

Describe distal convoluted tubules

A
  • begin at vascular pole of renal corpuscle
  • do not have microvilli
  • absorptive cells (Na+, PO4, Ca2+)
  • basal striations
  • cells are main target of aldosterone
  • contain Macula Densa
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14
Q

Describe the Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • macula densa cells: chemoreceptors sense Na+ concentrations in filtrate
  • juxtaglomerular cells: specialized smooth muscle cells detect variations in blood pressure and secrete renin
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15
Q

Describe the collecting ducts

A
  • lined by low columnar to cuboidal
  • principal (light) cells: reabsorb Na and water under ADH control
  • intercalated (dark) cells: act in acid-base balance
  • terminal portion are papillary ducts which empty at area cribrosa of renal crest
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16
Q

Describe the Ureter

A
  • lined by transitional epithelium
  • mucosa, thick muscularis, adventitia (surrounded by adipose)
  • autonomic and somatic innervation
17
Q

Desribe the Urinary Bladder

A
  • lined by transitional epithelium (urothelium)
  • mucosa, muscularis, serosa (mesothelium)
  • muscularis has smooth and skeletal muscle sphincters
  • bulging epithelial cells: umbrella cells
18
Q

Describe the Urethra

A
  • lined by transitional epithelium
    male:
  • pelvic and penile segments
  • last part lined by stratified squamous
  • deferent ducts and accessory sex glands empty into urethra
  • may have mucous glands
  • tunica muscularis is mostly skeletal, smoth close to bladder
19
Q

What are the stages of renal development?

A
  • pronephros
  • mesonephros
  • metanephros
20
Q

Where does the renal system develop from?

A

intermediate mesoderm