Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- air conduction/gas exchange
- phonation (talking)
- olfaction (smell)
- heat regulation
- air conditioning (temp and moisture)
- protection
- acid-base regulation
- hormone conversion
Describe the functions and components of the Conductive system
- composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
- brings air to the respiratory portion
- cleanses, moistens, and warms incoming air
- hair and secretions in nasal cavity trap particulate matter
Describe the functions and components of the Transitional system
- composed of terminal bronchioles lined by club cells, non-ciliated secretory cells, and a few ciliated cells
- a transition zone between the conducting and gas exchange areas
Describe the function and components of the Gas Exchange system
- composed of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
- alveoli lined by epithelial type 1 and type 2 pneumonocytes
- where gas exchange occurs
What is the path of airflow?
nasal cavity > nasopharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs > alveoli
What are the specific and non-specific defense mechanisms?
Non-Specific: mucous trapping, mucocilliary clearance, phagocytosis, air turbulance
Specific: antibody production, cell-mediated immunity
Explain the lining epithelium of the Conductive system
pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithelium, with secretory goblet cells and submucosal cells
What are the three regions of the nasal cavity?
- vestibular region
- respiratory region
- olfactory region
Describe the vestibular region of the nasal cavity
- external part of the nasal cavity
- cutaneous mucous membrane, hair, and glands
- lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Describe the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
- largest region
- lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
- contains mucocilliary apparatus and Chonchae turbinates
What are the Conchae Turbinates?
projections from the lateral wall that narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with mucous membrane
Describe the Mucociliary Apparatus
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
- movement of cilia removes mucus with trapped inhaled particles
- a cleaning apparatus
Describe Goblets cells: locations, functions, and features
- present from nasal cavity to the level of large bronchioles
- all cells in contact with basement membrane
- secrete mucinogen that traps particulate matter
- hyperplasia and metaplasia (lose cilia) in smokers
Describe the Olfactory epithelium
- much thicker than respiratory epithelium
- no goblet cells
- specialized sensory cells: olfactory neurons, sustentactular cells, stem/basal cells
Describe the Olfactory region
- located in dorsal part of nasal cavity
- lamina propria contains serous olfactory glands and non-myelinated axons of olfactory neurons
- rich in venus plexuses (swell bodies)