Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • air conduction/gas exchange
  • phonation (talking)
  • olfaction (smell)
  • heat regulation
  • air conditioning (temp and moisture)
  • protection
  • acid-base regulation
  • hormone conversion
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2
Q

Describe the functions and components of the Conductive system

A
  • composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
  • brings air to the respiratory portion
  • cleanses, moistens, and warms incoming air
  • hair and secretions in nasal cavity trap particulate matter
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3
Q

Describe the functions and components of the Transitional system

A
  • composed of terminal bronchioles lined by club cells, non-ciliated secretory cells, and a few ciliated cells
  • a transition zone between the conducting and gas exchange areas
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4
Q

Describe the function and components of the Gas Exchange system

A
  • composed of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
  • alveoli lined by epithelial type 1 and type 2 pneumonocytes
  • where gas exchange occurs
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5
Q

What is the path of airflow?

A

nasal cavity > nasopharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs > alveoli

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6
Q

What are the specific and non-specific defense mechanisms?

A

Non-Specific: mucous trapping, mucocilliary clearance, phagocytosis, air turbulance
Specific: antibody production, cell-mediated immunity

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7
Q

Explain the lining epithelium of the Conductive system

A

pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithelium, with secretory goblet cells and submucosal cells

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8
Q

What are the three regions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • vestibular region
  • respiratory region
  • olfactory region
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9
Q

Describe the vestibular region of the nasal cavity

A
  • external part of the nasal cavity
  • cutaneous mucous membrane, hair, and glands
  • lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
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10
Q

Describe the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

A
  • largest region
  • lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
  • contains mucocilliary apparatus and Chonchae turbinates
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11
Q

What are the Conchae Turbinates?

A

projections from the lateral wall that narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with mucous membrane

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12
Q

Describe the Mucociliary Apparatus

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
  • movement of cilia removes mucus with trapped inhaled particles
  • a cleaning apparatus
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13
Q

Describe Goblets cells: locations, functions, and features

A
  • present from nasal cavity to the level of large bronchioles
  • all cells in contact with basement membrane
  • secrete mucinogen that traps particulate matter
  • hyperplasia and metaplasia (lose cilia) in smokers
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14
Q

Describe the Olfactory epithelium

A
  • much thicker than respiratory epithelium
  • no goblet cells
  • specialized sensory cells: olfactory neurons, sustentactular cells, stem/basal cells
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15
Q

Describe the Olfactory region

A
  • located in dorsal part of nasal cavity
  • lamina propria contains serous olfactory glands and non-myelinated axons of olfactory neurons
  • rich in venus plexuses (swell bodies)
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16
Q

What is the functions of the Vomeronasal Organ?

A
  • chemoreception, sexual behavior

- smelling pheromones

17
Q

Describe the Larynx

A
  • includes cartilage, vocal folds, skeletal muscle
  • initial part lined by stratified squamous epithelium
  • after the vocal chords, lining changes to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
18
Q

Describe the Trachea

A
  • lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • serous glands in the lamina propria/submucosa
  • rings of hyaline cartilage incomplete in mammals, complete in birds
  • contain goblet cells
19
Q

Describe the Bronchi

A
  • trachea bifurcates into two bronchi
  • lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • smooth muscle surrounds lamina propria, then connective tissue with mixed bronchial glands and plates of hyaline cartilage
20
Q

What are the general features of Bronchioles?

A
  • lack cartilage and glands
  • subdivided into terminal and respiratory bronchioles
  • Clara/Club cells bulge into lumen
21
Q

Describe Terminal Bronchioles

A
  • lined by ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells
  • muscularis mucosae present
22
Q

Describe Respiratory Bronchioles

A
  • function is gas exchange and conduction
  • lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium which become flattened distally
  • have incomplete muscularis muscosae
  • subdivide into alveolar ducts
23
Q

What are the functions of Clara/Club cells?

A
  • source of surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining patency of airway
  • metabolize airborne toxins, may have immune function
24
Q

Describe the Alveolar Ducts

A
  • part of the exchange system
  • empty into alveolar sacs and alveoli
  • walls composed of alveoli lined with simple squamous epithelium
  • edge surrounding each opening of alveoli contains smooth muscle
25
Q

Describe Alveolar Sacs

A
  • site of gas exchange
  • no smooth muscle
  • lined by pneumocytes type 1 and 2
26
Q

Describe the Alveolar Septum + Interstitium

A
  • contains fibroblasts and capillaries
  • dust cells = macrophages that migrate through pores
  • collagen type III present in alveolar wall
  • collagen type I present in conducting airways
  • elastic fibers present, allow lungs to stretch
27
Q

Describe Type 1 Pneumocytes

A
  • forms walls of alveoli
  • 95% of alveolar surface area
  • gas permeability, prevent fluid passage
  • not mitotic
28
Q

Describe Type 2 Pneumocytes

A
  • 5% of alveolar surface area
  • secretory cells: produce surfactant via lamellar bodies (granules)
  • can be mitotic: produces types 1 and 2
29
Q

What is Surfactant and what is its function?

A
  • mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein
  • reduces surface tension: reduces effort needed to inflate alveoli, so prevents alveolar collapse
  • constantly produced by type II pneumocytes
  • cortisol stimulates production in fetus prior to parturition
30
Q

What are the components of the Air-Blood Barrier

A
  • vascular epithelium
  • basement membrane of the endothelial cells
  • basement membrane of type I pneumocytes
  • cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte covered by surfactant
31
Q

What is the pathway of oxygen into the blood stream?

A

oxygen in alveolar air > surfactant and cytoplasm of type I alveolar cell > basal lamina of type I cell and basal lamina of endothelial cell > cytoplasm of endothelial cell > capillary RBCs

32
Q

Describe the Pleura of the Respiratory system

A
  • composed of simple squamous epithelial cells (mesothelial cells)
  • visceral pleura covers the lungs and is continuous with the parietal pleura