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Vet Microscopic Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Primary Endocrine Organs?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Adrenal glands
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2
Q

What are the Functions of the Endocrine Organs?

A
  • growth and development
  • internal environment homeostasis
  • energy production, storage, and utilization
  • reproduction
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3
Q

Characteristics of Endocrine Organs

A
  • epithelial in origin
  • ductless
  • highly vascular
  • control of effect is mediated by hormones
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4
Q

What is Autocrine cell signalling?

A

a cell secretes a signal that can influence its own receptors

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5
Q

What is Paracrine cell signalling?

A

a cell can release a signal that influences the receptors of a neighbor cell

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6
Q

What is Endocrine cell signalling?

A

a cell releases a signal (hormone) that travels a long way to reach a distant target cell

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7
Q

What is the Hypothalamus and what does it do?

A
  • a portion of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
  • hypothalamic nuclei control distant cells via hormones
  • secreted releasing hormones into the adenohypophysis
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8
Q

What is the Neurohypophysis?

A
  • posterior pituitary
  • neuroectodermal origin
  • pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, eminentia mediana
  • store ADH and oxytocin from the hypothalamus, then release them into the blood
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9
Q

What are Herring Bodies?

A
  • swellings along the axons of the hypothalamus nuclei where hormones are stored
  • in the infundibular stalk
  • stores ADH and oxytocin
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10
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus secretes ADH?

A

supraoptic nucleus

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11
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus secretes oxytocin?

A

paraventricular nucleus

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12
Q

What is ADH?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • targets the kidney
  • will stimulate the cells to absorb sodium more efficiently, this increasing water resorption and concentration of urine
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13
Q

What is oxytocin?

A
  • stimulates contraction of myoepothelial cells for milk letdown
  • release is stimulated by baby animal suckling
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14
Q

What is the Adenohypophysis?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • epithelial origin (roof of pharynx)
  • pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
  • releasing hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate the cells of the adenohypophysis to release other hormones
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15
Q

What are the acidophil cells of the Pars Distalis and what are the hormones they secrete?

A
  • somatotropes: growth hormone (GH)

- mammotropes/lactotropes: prolactin

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16
Q

What are the basophil cells of the Pars Distalis and what are the hormones they secrete?

A
  • thyrotropes: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)/thyrotropin
  • gonadotropes: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • corticotropes: adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
17
Q

What is the function of the Pineal gland?

A
  • provide regular daily rhythms of bodily activity

- pinealocytes produce hormone melatonin

18
Q

What is Melatonin and what is its function?

A
  • hormone produced by pinealocytes
  • mainly secreted at night
  • an effective antioxidant
  • involved in signaling the time of day and time of year
  • has immune-enhancing and oncostatic properties
19
Q

What are Parafollicular cells and what is their function?

A
  • also known as clear cells, in the thyroid gland
  • secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium
  • main function to lower serum calcium
  • decreases osteoclast activity so less bone turnover
  • target bones and kidney
20
Q

Describe the follicles of the thyroid gland

A
  • small cuboidal cells form the follicle (flattened when less active)
  • produce thyroglobulin
  • stored in follicle lumen (colloid) until needed
  • convert thyroglobulin to thyroxine
  • regulated by TSH
21
Q

Describe the Parathyroid gland

A
  • composed of tightly packed chief cells which make the follicle full of colloid
  • secrete parathormone (PTH) into capillaries
  • PTH increases calcium
22
Q

Adrenal Gland Cortex

A
  • arises from mesoderm
  • secretes corticosteroids
  • Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis
23
Q

Adrenal Gland Medulla

A
  • arises from neural crest
  • secretes catecholamines
  • chromaffin cells are making epinephrine and norepinephrine
24
Q

Describe Zona Glomerulosa

A
  • first layer of adrenal gland cortex

- cells secrete mineralocorticoids: aldosterone

25
Q

Describe Zona Fasciculata

A
  • second layer of adrenal gland cortex, cells in rows
  • cells (spongiocytes) secrete glucocortoids: cortisol, corticosterone
  • many holes of vacuoles filled with steroids
26
Q

Describe Zona Reticularis

A
  • last layer of adrenal gland cortex, honey comb appearance
  • cells secrete weak androgens
  • contain lipid vacuoles (look foamy)
  • very vascular
27
Q

Stimulus and Effect of Zona Glomerulosa

A

Stimulus: Angiotensin II
- comes form renin angiotensin system activated by low blood pressure
Secretion: Aldosterone
Effect: increases amount of Na reabsorbed, increases blood volume, bring blood pressure back up

28
Q

Stimulus and Effect of Zona Fasciculata

A

Stimulus: ACTH
- released by anterior pituitary due to stress
Secretion: Corticosteroids
Effect: numerous on body, fight or flight response

29
Q

Stimulus and Effect of Zona Reticularis

A

Stimulus: ACTH
Effect: produces some sex hormones

30
Q

Describe the Endocrine Islets, including the cells and hormones they secrete

A
  • “Islets of Langerhan”
  • cluster of several types of cells
  • most are Beta cells: insulin
  • alpha cells: glucagon
  • delta cells: somatostatin
  • other: gastrin
31
Q

What are some hormones secreted by the GI tract enteroendocrine cells?

A
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK): gall bladder contraction

- Secretin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide

32
Q

What are the hormones produced by the kidney and what are their functions?

A

Renin: produced by juxtaglomerular cells
- involved in control of blood pressure
Erythropoeitin: produced in response to hypoxia
- controls erythropoiesis

33
Q

Describe ANP

A
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
  • secreted by atrial myocardial cells
  • promotes Na and water loss to decrease blood pressure and bring it back to normal
  • targets distal convoluted tubules of kidney

Vet Microscopic Anatomy (11 decks)

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