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Anatomy 3300 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

4 kidney functions

A

Filter blood
Remove waste and toxins though urine
Control blood composition
Produce hormones and chemicals

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2
Q

How much fluid does the kidney filter /day

A

200L

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3
Q

How much urine is produced/day

A

1.5 L

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4
Q

What 3 components of blood are controlled by kidneys

A

Water
Electrolytes
pH

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5
Q

2 products secreted by kidneys

A

Renin– blood pressure

EPO– red blood cells

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6
Q

What vertebrae do the kidneys span?

A

T12- L3

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7
Q

Hilum

A

Medial margin of kidney– Entrance and exit for renal artery and vein

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8
Q

Which is more left, IVC or AA?

A

Abdominal aorta

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9
Q

What branches off of the IVC and AA

A

IVC– right and left renal veins

AA- Right and left renal arteries

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10
Q

Which renal artery is longer

A

Right

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11
Q

Which kidney is lower?

A

Right– pressed down by liver

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12
Q

3 structures next to right kidney

A

Liver
Ascending colon
Duodenum

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13
Q

5 structures next to left kidney

A 
Pancreas
Spleen
Stomach
Descending colon
Jejunum
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14
Q

4 layers of kidney support

A

Parietal peritoneum
Renal fascia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule

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15
Q

Renal capsule

A

Innermost layer, protects kidney

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16
Q

Adipose capsule

A

Protective fatty cushion below renal fascia

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17
Q

Renal fascia

A

Tough fibrous connective tissue anchors kidneys and adrenal glands– protects peritoneum from infection

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18
Q

2 things in the medulla of the kidney

A

Pyramids

Columns

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19
Q

Lobe

A

Renal pyramid and overlying cortex

- Produces urine

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20
Q

Flow of urine through renal sinus

A

Minor Calyx
Major calyx
Renal Pelvis
Ureter

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21
Q

6 big kidney blood supply vessels

A 
Renal
Segmental
Lobar
Interlobar
Arcuate
Interlobular
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22
Q

4 blood vessels in nephron

A

Afferent glomerular
Glomerulus
Efferent glomerular
Peritubular Capillaries

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23
Q

3 causes of kidney stones

A

Animal protein
High Na
Supplementary calcium

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24
Q

What size of stone will block ureter

A

Greater than 3mm

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25
Q

Prevalence of kidney stones

A

8-10%

– half the risk for women (estrogen as a protective factor)

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26
Q

Treatment for 70% of kidney stones

A

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

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27
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Ureter blockage leads to urine back flow into kidney

– water in kidney

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28
Q

3 causes of hydronephrosis

A

Kidney stones
Tumour
Pregnancy related compression

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29
Q

When do people need a kidney transplant

A

Less than 15% urinary function

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30
Q

Kidney Transplant

A

Third kidney inserted into pelvis. Renal artery of the kidney is connected the external iliac artery o f the recipient. The renal vein is attached to the external iliac vein. Ureter is attached to surface of the bladder

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31
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of kidney, absorbs ass much water as possible

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32
Q

Where does the urine produced by nephrons drain to

A

Thousands of collecting ducts collect urine and drain into minor calyx

33
Q

Glomerulus

A

Cluster of blood vessels surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule

34
Q

Bowmans capsule

A

Cup shaped membranous structure that extracts waste and excess ions

35
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

First wiggly part of nephron circulation before loop of henle

36
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Follows the ascending limb of loop of henle, ends in collecting duct

37
Q

Arcuate artery

A

Runs between medulla and cortex of kidney

38
Q

Cortical Nephrons

A

85% of nephrons– almost entirely in cortex

39
Q

Peritubular Capillaries

A

Tiny branches off efferent arterioles for reabsorption, Surround PCT and DCT

40
Q

Vasa recta

A

Peritubular capillaries covering the loop of henle

41
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Have a longer loop of henle that goes deeper into medulla. At the cortex-medulla interface, descending limb is more extensive

42
Q

Renal tubule

A

Bowmans capsule, PCT, loop of henle, DCT

43
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Vascular connection between glomerulus and bowmans capsule

44
Q

Renal tubule + corpuscle =

45
Q

Where do ureters start and how long are they

A

Begins at L2– 25-30cm long

46
Q

Are ureters retroperitoneal?

47
Q

Where do ureters enter the pelvis

A

Bifurcation of common iliac artery (into external and internal ), crosses the IVC and AA to enter into posterior bladder wall

48
Q

3 sites where ureter makes a sharp turn

A

Ureter/renal pelvis– 90 degrees out of kidney
Cross iliac artery
90 degree turn to enter bladder

49
Q

Bladder location

A

Posterior to pubic symphysis

50
Q

Bladder capacity

A

700-800mL

– 400-600mL is stimulus for urination

51
Q

Trigone

A

Smooth area without rugae in bladder, triangle between urethral and ureter openings

52
Q

What would happen if there was no trigone

A

Stretching would close off the urethra

53
Q

Where does the urethra exit the bladder

54
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

At neck- controlled autonomically with detrusor muscles

55
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

Floor of the pelvis– skeletal muscle

56
Q

Potential space found in males and females

A

Retropubic: Between pubic symphysis and bladder. Filled with fat

57
Q

Retrovesical Pouch

A

Found in males behind bladder. Can be compromised by disease

58
Q

Location of uterus

A

Between bladder and rectum

59
Q

Rectouterine pouch

A

Between rectum and uterus

60
Q

Vesiocouterine pouch

A

Between uterus and bladder

61
Q

Blood supply to bladder

A

Internal iliac artery branches into superior and inferior vesical arteries– superior to bladder

62
Q

Urethral glands

A

Secrete a mucous lining to protect urethra from urine

63
Q

Female urethra

A

4cm long straight tube from neck of bladder to vestibule

- Orifice and sphincters are all adjacent to each other

64
Q

Male urethra

A

20 cm long, for urine and semen

65
Q

Prostatic part of urethra

A

Most proximal– internal sphincter to prostate gland, includes prostate and ejaculatory ducts

66
Q

Membranous part of urethra

A

Shortest segment passes through floor of pelvis. Contains external sphincter

67
Q

Spongy part of urethra

A

Longest section goes through penis

Contains ejaculatory duct and orifice

68
Q

Corpus Spongosium

A

Spongy tissue in penis

69
Q

Bulbourethal Duct

A

Contributes to ejaculate

70
Q

Micturition

71
Q

Causes of UTI

A

Ecoli, sex

72
Q

UTI sex ratio

A

5:1 for women– shorter urethras and are closer to internal organs

73
Q

Age prevalences for UTI

A

Male– risk increases with age as prostate enlarges

Female– Highest risk at 20-30 when they are most sexually active

74
Q

Urethritis

A

Dysuria
Frequency and urgency increase
Primarily effects women

75
Q

Cystits

A

UTI ascends to bladder

Pyuria and bacteriuria make pee cloudy and smelly

76
Q

Acute Pyelonephritis

A

UTI ascends to kidneys

Inflammation of calyces and pelvis

77
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Stimulates RBC formation in bone marrow to increase oxygen carrying capacity

78
Q

What 3 hypoxic conditions trigger EPO production

A

Reduced number of RBC– blood donation
Reduced availability of oxygen– altitude
Increased tissue demand for oxygen–exercise

Anatomy 3300 (6 decks)

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