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Anatomy 3300 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Duct

A

Transport, store and mature sperm

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2
Q

Glands

A

Secrete most of semen volume, support but do not produce sperm

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3
Q

Spermatic Cord

A

Derived from anterolateral abdominal wall. Contains blood and nerve supply, accessory ducts

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4
Q

Penile raphe

A

Line down middle of penis, continues into scrotal and perineal raphe

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5
Q

Fibromuscular Sac

A

Smooth muscle layers within layers of scrotum

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6
Q

Cremaster

A

Continuation of internal oblique, surrounds testes. Skeletal muscle elevates testes when it is cold

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7
Q

Dartos

A

Smooth muscle within superficial fascia, contract to wrinkle and trap heat inside

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8
Q

Scrotum blood supply

A

Posterior and anterior scrotal arteries

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9
Q

Anterior scrotal artery

A

Femoral–> External pudenal–> anterior scrotal

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10
Q

Posterior scrotal artery

A

Internal iliac–> internal pudenal–> posterior scrotal

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11
Q

Testes

A

4x 2.5 cm, surrounded by 2 tunic layers

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12
Q

Tunica Vaginalis

A

Extension of parietal peritoneum, visceral and parietal layers with the cavity of tunica vaginalis in between

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13
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

White fibrous capsule, seperate from peritoneum– contains lobules

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14
Q

Testes Lobules

A

250-300 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

Order of sperm ducts

A 
Seminiferous tubules
Tubulus rectus
Rete testis
Efferent ductules
Epididymis
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16
Q

3 layers of spermatic cord

A

Internal spermatic fascia
Cremasteric fascia
External spermatic fascia

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17
Q

Internal spermatic fascia

A

From transverse abdominal muscle

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18
Q

Cremasteric fascia

A

From connective tissue coverings of internal oblique

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19
Q

External spermatic fascia

A

From external oblique

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20
Q

7 constituents of spermatic cord

A 
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
Ductus deferens
Artery of ductus 
Autonomic nerve fibers
Sensory nerve fibers 
Lymphatics
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21
Q

Pampiniform plexus

A

Branched vessels make up testicular vein, surround artery for thermoregulation

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22
Q

Perineum

A

Muscular region for external genitalia and anal opening

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23
Q

Urogenital triangle

A

Pubic symphysis and ischial tuberosities

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24
Q

Anal triangle

A

Coccyx and ischial tuberosities

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25
Q

Levator ani

A

Pubococcygeus bound by iliococcygeus. Elevate anus during defecation

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26
Q

Male intermediate perineum

A

External urethral sphincter at urogenital diaphragm

Deep transverse perineal muscle covered by perineal membrane

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27
Q

2 perineal muscle

A

Bulbospongiosus

Ischiocavernosus

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28
Q

Bulbospongiosus

A

Constrict urethral canal and compress bulb of penis to assist with erection

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29
Q

Ischiocavernosus

A

Maintains erection by compressing outflow veins

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30
Q

Shaft of penis

A

Body and glans

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31
Q

Body of penis

A

Free portion without muscles, connective tissue surrounds erectile bodies

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32
Q

Glans

A

Enlarged end of corpus spongiosum forms head of penis

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33
Q

Prepuce (male)

A

Foreskin, corona is at the base of the neck

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34
Q

Suspensory ligament of penis

A

Deep fascia from pubic symphysis forms a sling that attaches at the root

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35
Q

Fundiform ligament

A

Extension from elastic fibers of linea alba

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36
Q

2 erectile bodies

A 
Corpora cavernosa (2 top ones)
Corpus spongiosum
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37
Q

Collagen fibers

A

White band that surrounds erectile bodies

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38
Q

What encloses the erectile bodies

A

Tunica albuginea

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39
Q

Enhancement phalloplasty

A

Release suppoting penis ligaments to increase length by 2.5 cm

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40
Q

Pericavernosal Graft

A

Adding tissue to corpora cavernosa to increase width by 30%

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41
Q

Allograft

A 
Synthetic material 
(autograft is dermal fat)
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42
Q

2 parts of root of penis

A

Bulb: proximal extension of corpus spongiosum
Crura: Proximal seperation of corpus spongiosum

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43
Q

Internal pudenal artery

A

Branch of internal iliac. All the other penis blood vessels branch off this one

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44
Q

3 penis blood vessels

A 
Dorsal arteries (either side of vein)
Deep arteries (Within corpora cavernosa, for boner)
Deep Dorsal vein (formed by venous plexus)
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45
Q

Epidydmis

A

Posterior surface of testes, continuous with efferent ductules and ductus deferens

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46
Q

How long does the epididymis store sperm

A

20 days

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47
Q

Duct of epididymis

A

Single, highly coiled duct where immature sperm gain motility

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48
Q

Ductus deferens

A

In spermatic cord, enters pelvic cavity through iguinal canal

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49
Q

Path of ductus defrens

A

Anterior to pubic bone, loops over ureter and descends along posterior bladder wall

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50
Q

Ampulla of ductus deferens

A

Most proximal, terminal portion

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51
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

Joining of ampulla and duct of seminal vesicles. Found entirely in prostate and ends at prostatic urethra

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52
Q

Urethra

A

Last duct. Comprised of prostatic, membranous and spongy parts

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53
Q

Membranous urethra

A

Surrounded by external urethral sphincter, with bulbourethral glands on either side

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54
Q

Spongy urethra

A

Within corpus spongiosum, recieves contents of bulbourethral glands

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55
Q

Urethral glands

A

Neutralizing mucous for acidic urine residue

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56
Q

Accessory glands

A

Secretions make up 95% of semen volume. Aid sperm in motility and provide nutrients

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57
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Pair on posterior bladder wall. Make 60% of semen. Fructose and other sugars support sperm activity

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58
Q

Prostate gland

A

Middle, anterior, posterior and lateral lobes. Secrete prostatic fluid containing PSA

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59
Q

Prostate zones

A

Central zone susceptible to benign prostatic hyperplasia, peripheral zone susceptible to cancer

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60
Q

Prostate location

A

Anterior to rectum. Base associated with neck of bladder, apex at urogenital diaphragm

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61
Q

Prostatic fluid

A

Contains prostate specific antigen. Liquefying agent to aid sperm motility

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62
Q

What causes PSA increase

A

Infection
BPH
Cancer

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63
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of prostate (UTI). Most common reason for urologist visit

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64
Q

BPH incidence

A

50% at age 60

90% at age 70

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65
Q

BPH

A

Affects glandular tissue, can obstruct bladder neck and urethra

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66
Q

Effects of BPH

A

Cystitis from stagnant urine
Pyelonephritis of renal pelvis
Stone formation

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67
Q

Prostate cancer detection

A

PSA test

Digital rectal exam

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68
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

Found in urogenital diaphragm, empty contents into spongy urethra. Mucoid substance neutralizes residue and lubricate penis. First to secrete during arousal

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69
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Walls of seminiferous tubules

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70
Q

Spermatogenesis steps

A

Diploid spermatogonia
Splits into another spermatognia + a primary spermatocyte
Meiosis 1: formation of 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis 2: Secondary sper. split again
Product: 4 haploid spermatids

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71
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Streamline process to mature sperm. Form tail and mitochondria

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72
Q

Spermiogenesis steps

A

Golgi apparatus packages acrosomal enzymes
Position acrosome at head, centrioles at tail
Microtubules at centriole form flagellum
Mitochondria positioned around flagellum
Slough off excess cytoplasm for streamlining
Further maturation

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73
Q

Sperm head

A

Nucleus containing haploid DNA, acrosome

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74
Q

Semen

A

Transport medium, nutrients and chemicals to protect and activate sperm. Alkalinity neutralizes urine

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75
Q

Ejaculate volume

A

2.5 ml—> 50-130 million sperm per mL

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76
Q

Structures contributing to semen

A

Testes 5%
Seminal vesicles 45-80%
Prostate 15-35%
Bulbourethral 2-5%

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77
Q

Hypospermia

A

Less than 1.5 ml of semen. Can happen from frequent ejaculations

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78
Q

Hyperspermia

A

More than 5 ml of semen

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79
Q

Fertility

A

20 million sperm/mL

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80
Q

Erection

A

Parasympthathetic reflex stimulates bulbourethral glands. Corpora cavernosa expands and compresses drainage veins. Corpus spongiosum keeps urethra open

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81
Q

NO

A

Relaxes smooth muscle, arteriole dilation fills erectile bodies

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82
Q

GMP

A

Creates vasodialtion and erection

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83
Q

Erection steps

A 
NO
Active guanylate cyclase
cGMP
boner
PDE5 (degrades cGMP)
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84
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic reflex. Ducts and accessory glands contract to empty contents into urethra. Bulbospongiosus muscle contracts rapidly

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85
Q

Internal urethral sphincter in ejaculation

A

Contracts to prevent expulsion of urine, and prevent reflux of semen into bladder

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86
Q

ED incidence

A

1/10 men

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87
Q

Viagara

A

Inhibits PDE5 so erection is maintained until ejaculation. 70% success rate

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88
Q

3 differences between the male and female systems

A

Gametes formed before birth
Ovulate one ovum at a time
Women have a reproductive period

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89
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce ova, secrete estrogen and progesterone

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90
Q

Location of ovaries

A

Upper pelvic cavity, posterolateral to uterus. Suspended by mesovarium

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91
Q

Follicles

A

Each contain an ovum. Rupture upon maturation to release oocyte

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92
Q

3 ovarian attachements

A

Broad ligament
Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament

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93
Q

Broad ligament

A

Part of parietal peritoneum
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
Mesometrium

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94
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

Anchored to uterus medially

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95
Q

Suspensory ligament (female)

A

From ovary to pelvic wall. Houses blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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96
Q

What artery do the testicular and ovarian arteries branch off of?

A

Abdominal aorta

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97
Q

Cortical region of ovary

A

Gametes and follicles develop here

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98
Q

Graafian Follicle

A

Mature, with antrum, about to be ovulated

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99
Q

Medullar region of ovary

A

Loose connective tissue and vascular supply

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100
Q

Uterine tubes

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

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101
Q

Where does the egg meet the sperm 98% of the time

A

Ampulla

- Big site for ectopic pregnancies

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102
Q

4 uterine tube supports

A

Broad ligament
Uterosacral ligament: Posterior support
Lateral cervical: Distal uterus, superior vagina
Round ligament: Anterior support to body wall

103
Q

Uterine tube blood supply

A

Uterine artery: branch off of internal iliac

104
Q

Uterus gross anatomy

A

Fundus, body, isthmus

105
Q

Internal os

A

Between uterine cavity an cervix

106
Q

External os

A

Between cervical canal and vagina

107
Q

Cervical cancer

A

From epithelial cells in cervix lining. 6th most common disease in women

108
Q

Pap smear

A

Collection of tissue taken from external os

109
Q

Perimetrium

A

Outer serous layer of uterus. Visceral peritoneum forms vesicouterine and rectouterine pouches

110
Q

Myometrium

A

Longitudinal, circular and oblique layers of uterus . Respond to oxytocin and contract during labour

111
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner mucosal lining of simple columnar epithelium. stratum functionalis and basalis

112
Q

Stratum functionalis

A

Top layer of endometrium ready to recieve egg. Expands, vascularizes and sloughs off

113
Q

Stratum basalis

A

Bottom layer of endometrium remains constant

114
Q

Uterine blood vessels

A

Uterine artery–> Arcuate, radial, straight, spiral

115
Q

Radial artery

A

Through myometrium towards stratum basalis

116
Q

Straight artery

A

Supplies stratum basalis

117
Q

Spiral artery

A

Grow with, and supply stratum functionalis

118
Q

Skene’s gland

A

Female prostate in anterior wall of vagina

119
Q

Lesser Vestibular gland

A

Anterior vagina around lower urethra

120
Q

Mons pubis

A

Adipose tissue covers symphysis, provides cushioning during sex

121
Q

Labia majora

A

Fold inferior to mons pubis. Homologous to scrotum development

122
Q

Labia minora

A

Fold that encloses vestibule

123
Q

Prepuce (female)

A

Two labia folds form a hood that covers clitoris

124
Q

Clitoris

A

Projection of erectile tissue, equivalent of 2 corpus cavernosa bodies in males

125
Q

Clitoris anatomy

A

Crus, angle, body, glans

126
Q

Vaginal vestibule

A

Opening of vagina and urethra, enclosed by labia minor.

127
Q

Vestibular glands

A

Lubricate orifice, first to secrete during arousal (equivalent of bulbourethral)

128
Q

Deep perineum (female)

A

Urethra, vagina, rectum, levator ani muscles

129
Q

Intermediate female perineum

A

External urethral sphincter, deep transverse perineal muscle, bulb: Erectile tissue surrounded by labia majora

130
Q

Superficial female perineum

A

Urethra, vaginal orifice, ischiocavernosus (over crus), bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal muscle

131
Q

Mammary glands

A

Modified sebaceous sweat glands on ribs 2-6. Cover pectoralis major and serratus anterior

132
Q

Axillary process

A

Small wing on breast heading to armpit

133
Q

Sebum

A

Small dimples with glands below produce it. Like ear wax. Prevent dryness while nursing

134
Q

Functional units of mammary glands

A

Secretory alveoli and ducts , stimulated to develop by prolactin produced in anterior pituitary

135
Q

Mammary lobes

A

15-25 lobes seperated by adipose tissue, alveoli inside produce milk

136
Q

Milk path

A 
Lobe
Lobule
Alveoli
Lactiferous ducts
Lactiferous sinus
Nipple
137
Q

Mammary gland blood supply

A

Subclavian artery. Branches into internal and lateral thoracic arteries

138
Q

Breast cancer incidence

A

1/8 women. 2nd leading cause of cancer detah

139
Q

Ductal Carcinoma

A

From epithelial cells of lactiferous duct (90%)

140
Q

Breast cancer detection

A

Self exam, mammography, ultrasound

141
Q

How are breast masses identified by location

A

Upper/lower, inner/outer quadrants

142
Q

Lymphatic drainage

A

Circulatory system drains extracellular fluid from accumulation site

143
Q

Most common lymphatic draining sites

A

Axiallary and parasternal nodes

144
Q

Where do the nodes drain

A

Right and thoracic lymphatic duct

145
Q

Oogonium

A

Diploid stem cells divide into primary oocytes during fetal development. Remain diploid until end of meiosis 1

146
Q

Oogenesis

A

Occurs during fetal period. Oogonium produces a haploid gamete

147
Q

Egg Meiosis 1

A

Oogonia divide into 2 million primary oocytes

148
Q

Eggs during childhood

A

Only 400,000 left as oocytes degenerate and remain inactive in ovary cortex until puberty

149
Q

How many eggs are activated during menstruation

A

8-10

150
Q

Polar bodies

A

In females, all resources go to one gamete, the rest become polar bodies and the DNA degenerates

151
Q

Egg Meiosis 2

A

Primary oocyte splits into secondary oocyte + First polar body. SO and PB are ovulated. Meiosis 2 done when egg meets sperm

152
Q

Fertilization

A

Secondary oocyte becomes an ovum + Second polar body. Meiosis 2 resumes

153
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid cell formed from joining of ovum and nuclei of sperm

154
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Monthly events to mature an oocyte. Follicular and luteal phases

155
Q

Follicular phase

A

FSH triggers follicle growth during days 1-14, and ovulation

156
Q

FSH

A

Stimulated by hypothalamus, produced by anterior pituitary

157
Q

Hormone produced in follicular phase

A

All cells produce estrogen, stimulates uterus

158
Q

LH surge

A

Increase in lutenizing hormone once follicle matures (day 14). Triggers ovulation

159
Q

Luteal phase time

A

Days 14-28

160
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Graafian follicle remains in ovary after ovulation and becomes an endocrine organ. Produces progesterone and estrogen which forms a thick mucous plug

161
Q

3 phases of uterine cycle

A

Menstrual
Proliferative
Secretory

162
Q

Menstrual phase

A

(Day 1-5) Stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall resulting in bleeding

163
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Days 15-28: Estrogen from follicles stimulates basalis to seperate from functionalis

164
Q

What does proliferative stage stimulate

A

Development of spiral ateries, endometrial veins and uterine glands

165
Q

What hormone thins cervix mucous

A

Estrogen– so sperm can penetrate uterus

166
Q

Secretory phase

A

Days 15-28: Corpus luteum produces progesterone. Spiral arteries develop and mucous thickens

167
Q

When does corpus luteum degenerate

A

If fertilization does not occur. Progesterone decreases and spiral arteries die

168
Q

Corpus Albicans

A

Scars on ovary surface from corpus luteum

169
Q

Which phase matches luteal phase

A

Secretory

170
Q

Pill

A

Mimics luteal/secretory phases by generating a constant level of progesterone and estrogen

171
Q

What does the pill inhibit

A

Ovulation by suppressing FSH and LH

172
Q

Sugar pill

A

Reduce progesterone to allow natural menstruation

173
Q

Perimenopause

A

Reduced estrogen production because less eggs are available. Disrupted progesterone causes irregular ovulation and menstruation

174
Q

Postmenopause

A

Little estrogen, no progesterone, no uterus lining

175
Q

Order of development phases

A

Conceptus, pre embryo, embryo (3 weeks) , fetus (9 weeks)

176
Q

Gestation period

A

From beginning of ovulation to birth. 14 days longer than pregnancy

177
Q

How long is ovum viable after ovulation

A

12-24 hours. Sperm is viable up to 72

178
Q

Capacitation

A

Final sperm maturation step. Increase motility of flagella, weaken acrosomal membranes

179
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

Sperm penetrate corona radiata at zona pellucida of egg. Its a glycoprotein so you need mulitple sperm to bust through

180
Q

3 acrosomal enzymes

A

Hyaluronidase
Acrosin
Proteases

181
Q

Infertility incidence

A

10-15% of population. 3% require intervention

182
Q

Intrauterine insemination

A

First ART, for sterile male. Donated sperm deposited into vagina or cervix

183
Q

IVF

A

Women induced to supraovulate, ova and sperm are collected and grown to 8-16 cell stage. Embryo transferred to uterus

184
Q

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

A

Sperm injected into egg, IVF

185
Q

TESA

A

Testicular epididymal sperm aspiration. Sperm collected where they are more developed. Done for low sperm count or poor sperm health

186
Q

Blastomere

A

Each cell in conceptus. Mitotic events create cleavage, splits into many smaller cells

187
Q

Blastomere development stages

A

Blastomere
4 cell stage (2 days)
Morula (3 days, 32 more cells)
Blastocyst (4-6 days)

188
Q

Blastocyst

A

Implants in uterine wall. Made of trophoblast and inner cell mass

189
Q

Trophoblast

A

Single layer, forms placenta

190
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Embroblast– Creates embryonic disc and embryo

191
Q

Blastocele

A

Fluid filled cavity in blastocyst

192
Q

When does implantation occur

A

7 days after ovulation

193
Q

Window of implantation

A

Blastocyst floats in uterine cavity for 2-3 days, appropriate progesterone and estrogen levels prepare uterus

194
Q

Uterine glands

A

Make a glycoprotein coat, blastocyst looks for right thickness

195
Q

Implantation

A

Trophoblast attaches to endometrium, secretes enzymes and growth factors

196
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin

A

Secreted by trophoblast cells, maintains corpus luteum. First chemical signal sent by conceptus

197
Q

When is there a spike of HCG

A

after ovulation

198
Q

Early gastrula

A

First half of week 3, support membranes develop. Inner cell mass divides into epiblast and hypoblast

199
Q

Amnion

A

Transparent, fluid filled sac from epiblast cells. Encapsulates embryo and provides supportive environment

200
Q

Yolk Sac

A

From hypoblast, forms gut, blood vessels and primordial germ cells

201
Q

Allantois

A

Outpocket from caudal end of yolk sac forms umbilical cord

202
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost layer forms fetal portion of placenta

203
Q

Decidua basalis

A

Moms portion of placenta

204
Q

Decidua capsularis

A

Epithelium covering conceptus, not a part of placenta

205
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Core of embryonic connective tissue, forms umbilical arteries and umbilical vein

206
Q

Late gastrulation

A

2 layered disc becomes 3 layered embryo– ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm. Cellular migration and rearrangement

207
Q

Primitive streak

A

Groove on dorsal epiblast grows in direction of tail. Forms a longitudinal axis

208
Q

Endoderm

A

Epiblast cells divide quickly and migrate to primitive streak. Replace hypoblast

209
Q

Mesoderm

A

Epiblast cells wedge between endoderm and epiblast

210
Q

Ectoderm

A

Cells remaining on dorsal surface when epiblast stops dividing

211
Q

Ectoderm derivatives (4)

A

NS
Epidermis (skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
Cornea and lens
Epithelium of oral, nasal and anal cavities

212
Q

Mesoderm derivatives

A

Muscle, cartilage, bone, connective tissue, blood, bone marrow, blood vessels, urogenital system

213
Q

Endoderm

A

Epithelium of digestive and respiratory tracts, reproductive organs, liver and pancreas

214
Q

Notochord

A

Beginning of nervous system formation from mesoderm. Stimulates ectoderm above to specialize

215
Q

Ectoderm organogenesis

A

Neural plate with neural crest cells on either side. Edges of plate lift up to form neural groove and neural folds. Form neural tube

216
Q

Mesoderm organogenesis

A

Notochord replaced by vertebral column. 40 pairs of somites present by week 4

217
Q

3 Somites

A

Paired mesodermal blocks form vertebrae. Sclerotome, dermatome, myotome

218
Q

Sclerotome

A

Closest to neural tube, migrate medially to form ribs and vertebrae

219
Q

Dermatome

A

Form dermis of skin and dorsal body

220
Q

Myotome

A

Form skeletal muscle and limb buds

221
Q

Intermediate mesoderm

A

Form kidneys and gonads

222
Q

2 parts of lateral mesoderm

A

Somatic mesoderm

Sphlanic mesoderm

223
Q

Somatic mesoderm

A

Body– forms dermis of ventral body, parietal serosa and bone and ligaments of limbs

224
Q

Sphlanic mesoderm

A

Organs– forms heart, blood vessels, connective tissue, smooth muscle and serosa of organs

225
Q

Coelum

A

Singular cavity gets walled into different compartments during development

226
Q

End of embryonic period

A

Bones ossify, muscles are contracting. Kidneys are developing and gonads have formed. Heart and liver bulge on ventral surface

227
Q

When is the placenta complete and functional

A

Month 3

228
Q

Baby side of placenta

A

Originates from trophoblast, becomes chorion

229
Q

Mom side of placenta

A

Originates from stratum functionalis, becomes decidua basalis

230
Q

Umbilical arteries

A

Two twisted up with umbilical vein. DEOXYGENATED

231
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus

232
Q

Placenta previa

A

Forms adjacent or across internal os. Complicates expansion of uterus. Cant deliver by normal birth

233
Q

Placenta previa incidence

A

0.5-0.8% most common placenta problm

234
Q

Placenta abruptio

A

Premature seperation of placenta from uterine wall caused by bleeding into decidua basalis

235
Q

Abruptio incidence

A

1% of pregnancies

236
Q

Mild abruptio

A

10-20% minimal bleeding and normal FHR, careful monitoring

237
Q

Moderate abruptio

A

20-50% loss of 1L of blood leads to fetal distress

238
Q

Severe abruptio

A

Loss of more than 1.5L of blood leads to abnormal FHR and possible death

239
Q

Age of viability

A

23 weeks

240
Q

Fetal period

A

9-38 weeks

241
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Obtain amniotic fluid containing fetal cells. Performed after 14 weeks gestation. Chemical analysis, kareotyping

242
Q

AFP

A

Alpha feteoprotein– Abnormal levels found in amniotic fluid if there is a neural tube defect

243
Q

How long does amniocentesis take

A

17 weeks– build enough fluid, collct sample, grow cell culture for 3 weeks then test

244
Q

Chorionic villi sampling

A

Removal of small portion of placenta transcervically or trans abdominally

245
Q

When is CVS done

A

10-12 weeks, results within days. Faster than amniocentesis but increased risk of spontaneous abortion

246
Q

Labour stimulated by

A

Oxytocin from posterior pituitary

Prostaglandins produced by uterus

247
Q

Dilation stage

A

Cervix dilates to 10cm and amniotic sac ruptures

248
Q

Lactation preparation

A

Rising levels of estrogen and progesterone prepare breast

249
Q

Lactation

A

Hypothalamus releases prolactin releasing hormone. Anterior pituitary releases prolactin to mature breast tissues
Milk production in 2-3 days

250
Q

Colostrum

A

Initial fluid high in protein and antibodies

251
Q

Let down reflex

A

Stimulated by suckling
Hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
Milk ejected from alveoli

252
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Additional vessel from umbilical cord empties into inferior vena cava to bypass hepatic portal system

253
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Hole in wall between right and left atria to by pass right ventricle. Bypass pulmonary system

254
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

From right ventricle to pulmonary trunk to aorta. Bypass pulmonary system

Anatomy 3300 (6 decks)

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