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Anatomy 3300 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

2 kinds of nervous system cells

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

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2
Q

of cranial nerves

A

12

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3
Q

of spinal nerves

A

31

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4
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system

A

Central

Peripheral

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5
Q

Nuclei

A

Collection of neurons performing the same task in the CNS

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6
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of thousands of axons with associated connective tissue and blood vessels in PNS

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7
Q

Ganglia

A

Masses of nervous tissue found in PNS

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8
Q

Interneuron

A

Interconnect with other neurons and are very short

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9
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

part of PNS containing sensory neurons

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10
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A

Convey info from CNS to skeletal muscles only

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11
Q

2 divisions of the motor ANS

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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12
Q

What cells myelinate axons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

What cells myelinate axons in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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14
Q

Efferent

A

Nerve impulses away from CNS

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15
Q

Afferent

A

Nerve impulses towards CNS

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16
Q

Dendrites

A

Primary target for synaptic input from other neurons . Opposite end from axon terminal

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17
Q

Hillock

A

Point of departure of axon

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18
Q

Anterograde Transport

A

From cell body to axon terminal

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19
Q

2 types of Nerve fibers

A

Dendrites

Axons

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20
Q

1

A

Olfactory

O: olfactory epithelium

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21
Q

2

A

Optic

O: retina

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22
Q

3

A

Oculomotor

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23
Q

4

A

Trochlear

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24
Q

5

A

Trigeminal

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25
Q

6

A

Abducens

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26
Q

7

A

Facial

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27
Q

8

A

Vestibulochlear

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28
Q

9

A

Glossopharyngeal

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29
Q

10

A

Vagus

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30
Q

11

A

Spinal Accessory

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31
Q

12

A

Hypoglossal

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32
Q

Pneumonic for cranial nerve names

A

Oh oh oh to touch and feel very green vegetables ah!

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33
Q

Pneumonic for cranial nerve functions (sensory, motor, both)

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big breasts matter more

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34
Q

What space are neurotransmitters released into

A

synaptic cleft

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35
Q

Glia

A

Provide insulation, maintain chemical environment and contribute to the blood brain barrier

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36
Q

Glia: Neuron ratio

A

3:1

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37
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Glia surround blood vessels in the brain and prevent toxins from entering the blood stream

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38
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glia that mop up neurotransmitters and maintain homesostasis

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39
Q

Microglia

A

Respond to injury in the CNS and produce inflammatory mediators

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40
Q

2 types of myelinating glia

A

Oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

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41
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Part of the CNS– Nodes of ranvier are fewer and more widely spaced allowing for faster transmission
– COIL AROUND SEVERAL AXONS

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42
Q

Schwann cells

A

Part of the PNS
Associated with only one nerve
Nodes of ranvier are closer together

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43
Q

Number of each type of vertebrae

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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44
Q

How many spinal cord segments per 1 pair of spinal nerves

A

31

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45
Q

What is the beginning of the PNS

A

Nerves

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46
Q

Enlargements

A

Bulges in spinal cord corresponding with attachment of large nerves

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47
Q

Where are the 2 spinal cord enlargments

A

Cervical– C4-T1

Lumbar-sacral– L1-S2

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48
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

Tapering end of the spinal cord between L1 and L2 vertebrae

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49
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Continuation of pia mater. Section is left with no nervous tissue and attaches to coccyx and anchors spinal cord

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50
Q

Caude Equina

A

(Horse Tail) bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve roots, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve

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51
Q

Where should you perform a lumbar puncture

A

Caude equina– devoid of spinal cord so you can obtain CSF safely

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52
Q

What vertebral section does the spinal cord end at

A

L1/L2

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53
Q

3 layers of spinal cord coverings

A

Pia mater
Arachoid mater
Dura mater

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54
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost layer that attaches to the spinal cord surface and brain – many blood vessels

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55
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Paired ligaments in pia mater, on either side of the cord, that attach it to the arcachnoid and dura mater

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56
Q

Arachoid Mater

A

Avascular, middle layer

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57
Q

Dura Mater

A

(tough mother) Outermost layer extends from foramen magnum to S2 vertebrae

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58
Q

Potential spaces

A

Space we can use in healthcare

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59
Q

2 spinal cord spaces

A

Subaracnoid space

Sub dural space

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60
Q

What are spinal cord spaces fllled with

A

CSF

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61
Q

Epidural layer

A

Outside of dura mater

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62
Q

2 Epidural effects

A

Analgesia (decrease pain)

Anesthesia (decrease sensation)

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63
Q

Which spinal cord sulcus is more pronounced

A

Anterior median

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64
Q

First section in spinal nerve

A

Root

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65
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Rootlet– Root– Spinal nerve

Part of the PNS and connects to CNS receptors

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66
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

PNS structure unique to posterior root– First neuron in sensory pathway

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67
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons and tracts send sensory impulses from receptors to brain and motor impulses from brain to effectors

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68
Q

Grey matter

A

Neuron populations in a butterfly shape recieve and integrate incoming and outgoing information

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69
Q

3 horns of the grey matter in spinal cord

A

Dorsal
Lateral
Anterior

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70
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Receives sensory input

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71
Q

Anterior horn

A

Transmits motor output

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72
Q

Lateral horn

A

Autonomic NS

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73
Q

Un-myelinated axons

A

Small and slow

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74
Q

Cervical spinal cord section

A

Flattened dorso-ventrally
Biggest section
Alot of white matter with large ventral grey horns

75
Q

Thoracic spinal cord section

A

Small diameter with small grey matter

- not many muscles here

76
Q

Lumbar section

A

Nearly circular
Large ventral and dorsal grey horns
Less white matter

77
Q

Sacral sponal cord section

A

Small with alot of grey matter

78
Q

Posterior root function

A

Sensory

79
Q

Anterior root function

A

Motor

80
Q

3 layers of the peripheral nerve

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

81
Q

Epineurium

A

Layer around the entire peripheral nerve with bundles inside

- vascular supply for nerve

82
Q

Perineurium

A

Surrounds every peripheral nerve bundle

83
Q

Endoneurium

A

Innermost layer of peripheral nerve surrounds axon

84
Q

Where do axons degenerate following injury

A

Distal to lesion

85
Q

Degeneration

A

Debris is picked up by immune system following injury and myelin is broken up

86
Q

PNS regeneration

A

Vigorous and complete

87
Q

CNS regeneration

A

Uncommon and never complete

88
Q

Axotomy

A

Severing the axon

89
Q

Wallerian degenration

A

Axon separates from cell body and degenerates distal to the injury

90
Q

Where does myelination begin in regeneration

A

Proximal end

91
Q

Characteristics of regenerated nerve

A

More schwann cells and nodes of ranvier = slower

92
Q

Do cut or crush injuries heal better?

A

Crush– preserved endoneurium supports better recovery

93
Q

Necrosis

A

neuronal death

94
Q

Glial scar

A

form in response to CNS injury

95
Q

3 parts of the brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

96
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Part of brain stem connected to the spinal cord

97
Q

4 components of the CNS

A

Spinal cord
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Forebrain

98
Q

2 parts of the forebrain

A

Diencephalon

Cerebral hemispheres

99
Q

Gyrus

A

Hill

100
Q

Sulcus

A

Valley– groovy surface allows for more neurons and more intelligence

101
Q

3 layers in brain covering

A

Pia mater
Aracnoid mater
Dura mater

102
Q

What produces CSF

A

Choroid plexus

103
Q

Where are choroid plexuses located

A

In very brain ventricle

104
Q

CSF

A

Optimum environment for chemical signalling, exchnaging nutrients and shock absorption

105
Q

4 brain ventricles

A

2 lateral
Third
Fourth

106
Q

Interventricular formamen

A

Connects the lateral brain ventricles to the third ventricle

107
Q

Cerebral aqeduct

A

Connects the third and fourth brain ventricles

108
Q

Movement of CSF through brain

A 
Choroid plexus
Lateral ventricle
Interventricular foramen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal and subarachnoid spaces 
Superior saggital sinus
109
Q

Medulla

A

Connects spinal cord to diencephalon

- Transmits everything to spinal cord

110
Q

Anterior medulla

A

Motor

111
Q

Posterior medulla

A

Sensory

112
Q

Decussation of pyramids

A

Crossing of motor tracts in the anterior aspect of medulla oblongata – why brain contorls opposite side of body

113
Q

Sensory Fasciculi

A

Ascending sensory axons that go to medial lemniscus

114
Q

Pons

A

Ventral to cerebellum

Connects cerebral cortex and spinal cord to cerebellum

115
Q

What does the pons consist of

A

Nuclei and tracts

116
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Large, darkly pigmented nuclei in the midbrain that produces dopamine

117
Q

Substantia nigra in parkinsons

A

Dead and unpigmented

118
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Pair of tracts containing motor neurons in the midbrain

119
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest part of brian with 2 folded hemispheres connected via brainstem

120
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Coordination of complex sequences of movements and regulation of posture and balance

121
Q

Ataxia

A

Failure to regulate posture and movement causes uncoordinated movements and speech

122
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Involved in sensory and motor processing

123
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station to cerebral cortex where all sensory input enters– carries motor input from cerebellum

124
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulator of homeostasis, inferior to thalamus

125
Q

Sensory areas in Cerebrum

A

Primary visual cortex

Postcentral gyrus

126
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

127
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Pariteal lobe

128
Q

Motor areas of the cerebrum

A

Pre-central gyrus and Broca’s speech area

129
Q

2 blood vessels supplying brain

A

Vertebral artery and internal carotid artery

130
Q

Circle of willis

A

circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures

131
Q

6 Vessels in circle of willis

A 
Anterior cerebral artery (2)
Anterior communicating artery 
Internal carotid artery (2)
Posterior cerebral artery (2)
Posterior communicating artery (2)
132
Q

Which vessels are not included in circle of willis?

A

Middle cerebral arteries

133
Q

Posterior communicating artery

A

Connects internal carotid and cerebral arteries

134
Q

Which nerve is part of the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

Olfactory

135
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

masses of gray matter

136
Q

Optic chiasma

A

Axons from medial half of each eye cross

137
Q

Optic tract

A

posterior to optic nerve

138
Q

Which 3 nerves control muscles that move the eyeballs

A

Occulomotor
Trochlear
Abducens

139
Q

Occulomotor

A

Innervates superior rectus, levator palpebrae superioris and all extrinsic eye muscles

140
Q

Trochlear

A

Smallest cranial nerve and only one that comes from posterior brain stem
- innervates superior oblique

141
Q

Abducens

A

Originates in the pons and innervates lateral rectus

142
Q

Trigeminal

A

Largest cranial nerve, has 3 branches

– Opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular

143
Q

Opthalmic branch

A

Smallest trigeminal branch, goes through superior orbital fissure

144
Q

Maxillary branch

A

Intermediate size, passes through foramen rotundum

145
Q

Mandibular branch

A

Motor neurons for mastication, passes through foramen ovale

146
Q

Facial nerve

A

Sensory axons for anterior 2/3 of taste buds

147
Q

Propiorception

A

Ability to know your own body and feel position without looking

148
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A

Inner ear structures required for equilibrium

149
Q

4 inner ear structures

A

Semicircular canals
Saccule
Utricle
Cochlea

150
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

Posterior 1/3 of tatse buds

- sensory to oropharynx

151
Q

Motor component of glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

152
Q

Vagus

A

Longest nerve- travels to gut

- Motor function for pharynx, larynx and soft palate for speaking and swallowing

153
Q

Spinal Accessory

A

Brachial motor nerve divided into cranial and spinal accessory
- Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

154
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

Motor cranial nerve for tongue muscles

- comes from medulla

155
Q

2 Motor neurons in ANS

A

Preganglionic

Postganglionic

156
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

Has cell body in CNS

157
Q

Autonomic ganglion

A

Neuronal body outside CNS

- preganglionic axon extends to it

158
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

Cell body within the autonomic ganglion

- unmyelinated axon goes to effector

159
Q

What neurotransmitter do ANS motor neurons release that somatic motor neurons can’t?

A

Norepinephrine

160
Q

Dual innervation

A

Recieve impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

161
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Output to smooth muscle of blood vessels

- Increase alertness and metabolic activity

162
Q

What grey hron do sympathetic fibers originate from

A

Lateral horn (T1-L2)

163
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

Lie in a vertical row on wither side of the vertebral column from the skull to the coccyx

164
Q

Are pre or post ganglionic axons longer in the SNS?

A

Post

165
Q

Where do parasympathetic NS fibers originate from

A

Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10

S2-4 of spinal cord

166
Q

Are pre or post ganglionic axons longer in the PNS?

A

Pre

167
Q

Pneumonic for actions of the PNS

A 
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion
Defecation
168
Q

5 organs recieving only sympathetic innervation

A 
Sweat glands
Arrector muscles in hair 
Kidney
Adrenal medulla
Blood vessels
169
Q

Order of motor pathway

A 
Cerebral cortex
Pyramids
Decussation of pyramids
Ventral horn of spinal cord
Muscle
170
Q

Order of sensory pathway

A 
Dorsal horn of spinal cord
Dorsal fasciculi
Cerebral penduncles
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex
171
Q

Whats on the anterior and posterior medulla

A

Anterior: Pyramids
Posterior: Sensory fasciculi

172
Q

2 things on the midbrain

A

Cerebral peduncles

Substantia nigra

173
Q

Used CSF gets transported through what structure to get into the superior saggital sinus from the subarchnoid space

A

Arachnoid villi

174
Q

Primary Visual Area

A

Recieves visual information and is involved in visual perception

175
Q

Broca’s Speech Area

A

Planning and production of speech

- opposite end of occipital lobe

176
Q

Central sulcus

A

Divides the primary somatosensory and motor areas

177
Q

Primary motor area

A

Controls voluntary contraction of specific muscles

178
Q

Primary auditory area

A

At the base of motor and sensory areas

- closer to occipital lobe than broca’s

179
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Extension of dura mater into cerebral hemispheres

- acts as an anchor

180
Q

Circle of Willis order on diagram from top to bottom

A

Anterior Cerebral, Anterior communicating
Middle cerebral, Internal carotid
Posterior cerebral, posterior communicating
Vertebral

181
Q

Anterior cerebral artery territory

A

Frontal lobe

182
Q

Middle cerebral artery territory

A

Parietal lobe

183
Q

Posterior cerebral artery territory

A

Occipital lobe

Anatomy 3300 (6 decks)

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