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Anatomy 3300 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of glands in endocrine system

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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2
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Non-hormonal secretions transported through ducts to membrane surfaces of cells

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3
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Duct-less and secrete hormones into surrounding tissue fluid

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4
Q

Which type of gland is more vascular

A

Endocrine

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5
Q

Which type of gland targets specific organs

A

Endocrine

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6
Q

Pure endocrine organ

A

Only purpose is to secrete hormones

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Produces molecules that control hormones

  • Link between nervous and endocrine systems
  • Located in temporal lobe
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8
Q

Amino acid based hormones

A

Protein based hormones that exert signalling effects once bound to receptor on cell surface

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9
Q

Steroids

A

Derived from cholesterol

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10
Q

Are AA or steroids more lipid soluble?

A

Steroids

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11
Q

Ae most hormones AA or steroids?

A

AA

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12
Q

Activation of target cell receptors depends on 3 factors

A

Blood level of hormone
Number of receptors on cell
Affinity between hormone and receptor

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13
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback system

A

Estrogen stimulates oxytocin release during childbirth

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14
Q

3 types of regulatory stimuli

A

Humoral
Neural
Hormonal

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15
Q

Humoral

A

Changing blood levels of molecules

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16
Q

Neural

A

Nerves stimulate hormone release

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17
Q

Hormonal

A

Release in response to hormones from other endocrine organs

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18
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Responds to low levels of calcium in the blood (humoral response)

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19
Q

Location of the pituitary gland

A

Hypophyseal fossa in the sphenoid bone

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20
Q

What structure connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

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21
Q

How many hormones does the pituitary secrete

A

9

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22
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary made of

A

Neural tissue

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23
Q

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary made of

A

Glandular tissue

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24
Q

3 structures that compose the Neuropophysis

A

Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary
Infundibulum

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25
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the pituitary

A

Optic chiasma

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26
Q

What is the mammillary body involved in

A

Memory processing

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27
Q

Order of blood vessels supplying the anterior pituitary

A

Internal carotid artery
Superior hypophyseal artery
Anterior lobe
Dural sinuses and hypophyseal vein

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28
Q

8 Products of the pituitary

A 
Oxytocin
ADH
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
GH
PRL
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29
Q

Order of hypophyseal portal system

A 
Hypothalamus sends releasing/inhibiting factors 
Hormones go to primary capillaries
Hypophyseal portal veins
Secondary capillaries
Secretory cells
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30
Q

What blood vessel supplies the posterior pitutitary

A

Inferior hypophyseal artery

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31
Q

Where does the inferior hypophyseal artery drain

A

Capillary plexus of the infundibular process

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32
Q

Which pituitary lobe is part of the brain?

A

Posterior

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33
Q

Hypophyseal tract

A

Axons from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei maintain a connection between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

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34
Q

Supraoptic Nucleus

A

Nucleus in hypothalamus that produces ADH (vasopressin) which enhances water absorption

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35
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

Nucleus in the hypothalamus that project to pituitary and release oxytocin and ADH

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36
Q

Location of PVN

A

In the hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle

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37
Q

What 2 hormones are released during childbirth

A

Oxytocin

Progesterone

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38
Q

ADH

A

Peptide that inhibits urine formation to prevent water imbalance

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39
Q

Function of the anterior pituitary

A

Manufacture and release hormones

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40
Q

Origin of anterior pituitary

A

Rathke’s Pouch

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41
Q

Origin of posterior pituitary

A

Diencephalon

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42
Q

Connection of anterior pituitary to hypothalamus

A

Only vascular through hypophyseal portal system

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43
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary secrete products

A

Anterior hypophyseal vein

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44
Q

Pituitary adenoma

A

Benign tumour of epithelial cell origin

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45
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Excess growth

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46
Q

6 amino acid based hormones released by the pituitary

A 
ACTH
MSH
GH
TSH
Gonadotropins
Prolactin
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47
Q

Tropic hormone

A

Other endocrine glands are the target

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48
Q

Giantism

A

Growth hormone disorder of childhood

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49
Q

Acromelagy

A

Growth hormone disorder of adulthood

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50
Q

ACTH

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids to help body fight stressors

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51
Q

What is ACTH release stimulated by

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone from corticotrope cells

52
Q

Cushing’s disease

A 
Excess glucosteroids (cortisol) due to increased ACTH
- Causes redistribution of fat-- buffalo hump, moon face
53
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates melanin production for skin pigmentation and appetite control

54
Q

GHRH

A

Produced in the hypothalamus and stimulates release of GH from somatotropes

55
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibits release of GH and blocks GI and pancreatic cecretions

56
Q

Targets for GH

A

Epiphyseal plates in bones and skeletal muscle

57
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Produced by thyrotropes and stimulated by TRH

- Stimulates development and secretions of the thyroid

58
Q

Gonadotropins

A

Secreted by gonadotropes and stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone

59
Q

Lutenizing hormone

A

Type of gonadotropin that onsets ovulation causing release of progesterone

60
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Type of gonadotropin that stimulates release of estrogen and gamete production

61
Q

Prolactin

A

Produced by lactotropes

- Stimulates milk production

62
Q

Order of abundance of anterior pituitary histology

A 
Somatotropes
Corticotropes
Lactotropes
Thyrotropes
Gonadotropes
63
Q

What is the largest pure endocrine gland

A

Thyroid

64
Q

Where is the thyroid located

A

Anterior neck

- C5-T1 vertebrae

65
Q

Isthmus

A

Connects the right and left lobes of thyroid

66
Q

Where is the Isthmus located

A

Tracheal rings 2-3

67
Q

2 vessels supplying the thyroid

A

Superior thyroid artery

Inferior thyroid artery

68
Q

Superior thyroid artery

A

Branch of the external carotid artery

69
Q

Inferior thyroid artery

A

Branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery

70
Q

3 hormones produced by thyroid

A

T3
T4
Calcitonin

71
Q

What are T3 and T4 mostly compose dof

A

Iodine

72
Q

Effects of T3 and T4

A

Increase metabolic rate and body heat production
Maintain blood pressure
Involved in growth and development

73
Q

Calcitonin

A

Lowers blood Ca by inhibiting osteoclast activity

-Stimulates Ca uptake in bones

74
Q

Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease)

A

Autoimmune disease caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone

75
Q

Effects of hyperthyroidism

A

Increased metabolism and sweating

Rapid irregular heart beat, weight loss

76
Q

Exopthalmos

A

Protrusion of eyeballs caused by hyperthyroidism

77
Q

Treatments for hyperthyroidism

A

Thyroidectomy

Ingestion of Iodine 131

78
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Causes decreased metabolic rate, chills lethargy and edema

79
Q

How is T3 produced

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary stimulates thyroid to produce T3 with dietary iodine

80
Q

Goiter

A

Huge thyroid enlargement from prolonged stimulation of TSH in the absence of iodine

81
Q

Thyroid nodules

A

Tumours of the thyroid gland

- most common endocrine malignancy

82
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

4 nodes on posterior thyroid

83
Q

Tetany

A

Muscular disorder resulting from low Ca

84
Q

What is a cause for tetany

A

Accidental removal of the parathyroid glands

85
Q

How does PTH act on the kidneys and small intestine

A

Promoting formation of calcitrol (active vitamin D) which aids in calcium absorption

86
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Pyramid shape on the superior pole of the kidney

87
Q

What encloses the adrenal gland

A

Fibrous connective tissue capsule that covers the kidney

88
Q

3 vessels supplying the adrenal gland

A

Superior suprarenal artery
Middle Suprarenal artery
Inferior suprarenal artery

89
Q

Superior suprarenal artery

A

Branch of the inferior phrenic artery

90
Q

Middle suprarenal artery

A

Branch of the abdominal aorta

91
Q

Inferior suprarenal aorta

A

Renal Artery

92
Q

What composes 85% of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal cortex

93
Q

What 2 steroids does the adrenal cortex produce

A

Mineralcorticoids

Glucocorticoids

94
Q

What are the two lobes of the adrenal gland

A

Cortex: glandular tissue
Medulla: Neural tissue

95
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

(Aldosterone) increase blood levels of salt and walter

96
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

(cortisol) Stress resistance, immune function and inflammatory response

97
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Neural tissue derived from neural crest

98
Q

What are the 2 products released by the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)

99
Q

Epinephrine

A

(80%) Stimulates heart and metabolic activity

100
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Stimulates vasoconstriction and blood pressure

101
Q

Effects of long term stress response

A

Retention of sodium and water by kidneys
Increased blood volume and pressure
Increased blood sugar
Suppression of immune system

102
Q

Pancreas

A

Accessory digestive organ with exocrine and endocrine processes

103
Q

Exocrine cells in the pancreas

A

Acinar cells: produce enzyme secretions that duct into the small intestine

104
Q

3 endocrine cells in the pancreas

A

Alpha: glucagon
Beta: Insulin
Delta: somatostatin

105
Q

Which pancreatic cell responds to hypoglycemic conditions

A

Glucagon

106
Q

Islet of langerhans

A

Pancreas cells alpha, beta and delta

107
Q

4 parts of the pancreas structure

A

Head
Neck
Body
Tail

108
Q

Which parts of the pancreas is pouched in the small intestine

A

Head and neck

109
Q

Which parts of the pancreas are associated with the spleen

A

Tail

110
Q

4 vessels that supply the pancreas

A

Celiac trunk
Common hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Superior mesenteric artery

111
Q

Glucagon

A

Releases glucose to the body

112
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

113
Q

Glucogenesis

A

Glucose is formed from lactic acid, fats and amino acids

114
Q

What does insulin stimulate

A

Glucose storage in cells- glucose to glycogen

115
Q

When do alpha cells release glucagon

A

When blood sugar is low (humoral)

116
Q

When does gestational diabetes take effect

A

between 24-28 weeks gestation

117
Q

What regulates the gonads

A

Gonadotropins

118
Q

What two hormones effect the female gonads

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

119
Q

Where is the pineal gland located

A

Roof of the 3rd ventricle, part of the dicephalon

120
Q

Pinealocytes

A

Cells that secrete melatonin

121
Q

What hormone does cardiac muscle produce

A

Atrial naturetic peptide

122
Q

What does ANP counteract and act with

A

Counteracts Aldosterone

Acts with ADH

123
Q

What 3 hormones does the placenta secrete

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)

124
Q

What hormone does the mucosa of GI organs produce

A

Gastrin: Stimulates release of HCl for digestion

125
Q

What hormone does adipose tissue produce

A

Leptin: Acts in CNS to produce feeling of satiety

126
Q

What opposes leptin

A

Orexin (hypothalamus)

Anatomy 3300 (6 decks)

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