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Anatomy 3300 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

GI components of the pelvic cavity

A

Large intestine

Anus

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2
Q

GI components of the abdominal cavity

A

Stomach

Small intestines

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3
Q

GI components of the head and neck

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus

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4
Q

6 accessory digestive organs

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
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5
Q

Propulsion

A

Voluntary and involuntary processes move food through alimentary canal

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6
Q

Peristalsis

A

Forward movement of food along GI tract

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7
Q

3 steps in peristalsis

A

Contraction of circular muscles behind bolus
Contraction of longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus
Contraction of circular layer forces bolus forward

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8
Q

Segmentation

A

Local shimmying on bolus to break it up and mix it with enzymes

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9
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Physically prepares food– mixing with saliva and churning in stomach

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10
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breaks down food into components with enzymes in the mouth and small intestine

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11
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sense stretching of stomach wall and triggers churning

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12
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detects acidity, osmolarity and triggers enzyme release

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13
Q

3 reflexes initiated by recpetors

A

Stimulates secretions
Mixing of luminal content
Movement along alimentary canal

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14
Q

Absorption

A

Passage from lumen of GI tract into blood. Mostly at small intestine

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15
Q

2 components of the Enteric nervous system

A

Submucosal nerve plexus

Myenteric nerve plexus

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16
Q

Submucosal nerve plexus

A

Found in submucosa and controls segmentation. Regulates activity of glands and activates smooth muscle of mucosa

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17
Q

Myenteric nerve plexus

A

Found between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the muscularis externa and controls peristalsis

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18
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum holds GI tract down and contains vascular and neural control, stores fat

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19
Q

Lumen

A

Opening in GI tract (tube)

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20
Q

Mucosa

A

Innermost lumen layer secretes mucus

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21
Q

Submucosa

A

Localized muscle layer in lumen, surrounds mucosa

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22
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

Inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer, with a myenteric nerve plexus between

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23
Q

Serosa

A

Outermost lumen layer contributes to the mesentery

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24
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Walls of abdomen and under diaphragm

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25
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Covers organs

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26
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

Potential space between parietal and visceral layers

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27
Q

Dorsal mesentery

A

Starts at the back wall and attaches to an organ

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28
Q

Ventral mesentery

A

Connects two organs, or an organ to the front wall

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29
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Organs that stick to the posterior abdominal wall, vascular connection through mesentery

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30
Q

6 retroperitoneal structures

A 
Most of pancreas
Kidneys
Adrenal glands
Duodenum
Part of large intestine
Aorta and IVC
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31
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Ventral mesentery from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the inferior border of the liver

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32
Q

Greater omentum

A

Dorsal mesentery connects greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior wall. Goes around the small intestine and transverse colon

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33
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Ventral mesentery attaches superior surface of liver to the anterior abdominal wall

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34
Q

3 branches of abdominal aorta supplying organs

A

Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

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35
Q

Gingivae

A

Gums

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36
Q

Labial frenulum

A

Connects teeth to gums

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37
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

Connects tongue to gums

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38
Q

Vestibule

A

Space between lips and teeth

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39
Q

Tongue

A

Interlacing bundles of skeletal muscle

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40
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Surface roughness of tongue manipulates food, smallest and most numerous

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41
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

Large 10-12 at back of the tongue, contains taste buds, first sensations of amylase

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42
Q

Sulcus terminalis

A

Separates tongue into portions where different nerves innervate– 2/3 oral cavity (facial nerve), 1/3 oropharynx (hypoglossal) – covered by lingual tonsil

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43
Q

Intrinsic tongue muscle

A

Shapes tongue but does not change position

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44
Q

Extrinsic tongue muscle

A

Alters tongue position (protrusion, retraction, side-to-side)

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45
Q

Adult dental formula

A

2I, IC, 2PM, 3M x2= 32 teeth

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46
Q

Deciduous dental formula

A

2I, 1C, 2M

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47
Q

Root of tooth

A

Anchored to bony components of oral cavity

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48
Q

Dentin

A

Bulk of the tooth

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49
Q

Pulp cavity

A

Filled with loos connective tissue, vascular and nervous supply

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50
Q

Cementum

A

Calcified material for anchoring

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51
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

Extensions from tooth into bone

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52
Q

Gomphosis joint

A

Fibrous joint between periodontal ligament and cementum

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53
Q

Saliva

A

Solvent that digests starch– amylase

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54
Q

How much saliva do we produce a day?

A

1- 1.5 L

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55
Q

Salivary glands

A

3 pairs of extrinsic glands innervated by the parasympathetic NS

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56
Q

Buccal glands

A

Intrinsic salivary glands

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57
Q

Parotid glands

A

Exocrine gland anterior to ear, between masseter muscle and skin. Opens into vestibule near second upper molar

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58
Q

Which nerve innervates the parotid gland

A

9

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59
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Along medial aspect of body of the mandible and opens at base of lingual frenulum

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60
Q

Which nerve innervates the submandibular gland

A

7

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61
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Anterior to submandibular gland, opens via 10-12 ducts beneath tongue

62
Q

Which nerve innervates the sublingual gland

A

7

63
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube, 25 cm in length

64
Q

Where does the esophagus join the stomach

A

Cardiac orifice (sphincter near the heart)

65
Q

Empty esophagus

A

Mucosa and submucosa are in longitudinal folds

66
Q

Full esophagus

A

Folds flatten and trachealis muscle allows expanding

67
Q

Esophagus musculature

A

Upper– skeletal muscle
Middle– mixed smooth and skeletal
Lower– smooth muscle

68
Q

Esophagus blood supply

A

Cervical region– inferior thyroid artery

Abdominal region– left gastric artery

69
Q

GERD

A

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Weakening of muscle compromises cardiac sphincters ability to stay permanently contracted

70
Q

Pyrosis

A

Heart burn

71
Q

Dysphagia

A

Painful eating

72
Q

Chyme

A

Gastric secretions and food

73
Q

Rugae

A

Longitudinal folds allow stomach to expand

74
Q

Where does the stomach empty into

A

Duodenum

75
Q

Pyloric region

A

Distal end of stomach

76
Q

Fundus

A

Top of stomach

77
Q

Cardia

A

Tube in heart for cardiac sphincter

78
Q

Sphincters

A

Made by circular layer of muscularis externa

79
Q

3 layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach

A

Longitudinal
Circular
Oblique

80
Q

Oblique layer

A

Innermost layer contributes to churning

81
Q

3 vessels supplying stomach

A

Celiac trunk
Right gastric artery
Gastroduodenal artery

82
Q

How many unpaired vessels branch off the abdominal aorta?

A

3

83
Q

3 branches of the celiac trunk

A

Left gastric– lesser curvature
Splenic–greater curvature
Hepatic

84
Q

Right gastric artery

A

Completes blood supply to lesser curvature

85
Q

Gastroduodenal artery

A

Stomach, intestines and greater curvature

86
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Glycoprotein to absorb vitamin B12

87
Q

Gastric motility

A

Continually mix food with gastric juice

88
Q

Small intestine

A

3m long with 3 regions

89
Q

Duodenum

A

Shortest section, C shaped and retroperitoneal. Superior, descending, horizontal and ascending parts

90
Q

2 ducts in duodenum

A

Common bile duct

Pancreatic duct

91
Q

Common bile duct

A

Bile from liver/gall bladder regulated in duodenum

92
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

Pancreatic secretions

93
Q

2 vessels supplying the duodenum

A

Celiac trunk

Superior mesentery

94
Q

Peptic ulcer disease

A

Erosion of the lining of stomach or small intestine, usually gastric or duodenal

95
Q

3 causes of ulcers

A

Heliobacter pylori
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Hyper secretion of HCl

96
Q

Erosion ulcer

A

Innermost mucosa layer is compromised

97
Q

Acute ulcer

A

Perforated up to the oblique layer

98
Q

Perforating ulcer

A

Outermost serosa is compromised and stomach contents leak into abdominal cavity

99
Q

Jejunum

A

Main site of absorption. Larger lumen with greater vasculature and more folds

100
Q

Ileum

A

Terminal portion with thinner walls, fewer folds and less vasculature

101
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Empties ileum contents into cecum

102
Q

Large intestine

A

Extends from ileocecal valve to anus. Half the lengt, but greater diameter than small intestine

103
Q

5 parts of the large intestine

A 
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
104
Q

Hepatic flexure

A

Right sight of large intestine folds over liver

105
Q

Splenic flexure

A

Left side of large intestine folds over spleen

106
Q

Teniae Coli

A

Three longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the large intestine. Mesocolic, Free, omental

107
Q

Haustra

A

Teniae coli contract length wise to produce bulges in the colon

108
Q

Omental appendicies

A

Small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat, along the colon but absent in the rectum

109
Q

Parts of the large intestine supplied by superior mesenteric artery

A

Ascending and transverse colon

110
Q

Parts of the large intestine supplied by inferior mesenteric artery

A

Descending
Sigmoid
Rectum

111
Q

Rectum

A

Last 20 cm, anterior to sacrum and attached to perineum

112
Q

Anal canal

A

Opening containing internal and external anal sphincters

113
Q

Levator Ani

A

Opens sphincter during defecation

114
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

Chronic inflammatory disease leading to mucosal ulceration

115
Q

Areas effected by Crohns

A

50% ileum/ascending
30% ileum/jejunum
20% large intestine

116
Q

Transumbilical plane

A

Horizontal, through umbilicus– L3/L4 vertebrae

117
Q

Median plane

A

Longitudinal through body cutting it into left and right

118
Q

RUQ (9)

A 
Right lobe of liver
Gall bladder
Duodenum
Head of pancreas
Kidney
Adrenal gland
Hepatic flexure
Transverse colon
Pyoric region of stomach
119
Q

LUQ (7)

A 
Liver
Body and tail of pancreas
Kidney
Adrenal gland
Splenic flexure
Transverse colon 
Most of stomach
120
Q

RLQ (7)

A 
Cecum
Appendix
Ileum
Ascending colon
Ovary
Uterine tube
Ureter
121
Q

LLQ (6)

A 
Sigmoid colon
Jejunum
Descending colon
Ovary
Uterine tube 
Ureter
122
Q

Bile

A

Helps break down fat

123
Q

Liver

A

Largest internal organ, processes nutrients and secrets bile

124
Q

4 liver lobes

A

Right
Left
Quadrate
Caudate– more posterior, above porta hepatis

125
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Ventral mesentery separates right and left lobes of liver

126
Q

Ligamentum teres

A

Dangly bit of liver attaches to anterior wall

127
Q

Porta hepatis

A

(portal triad) Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

128
Q

5 functions of the liver

A 
Process nutrients in blood
Store glucose and glycogen 
Store fat soluble vitamins
Remove toxic substances
Produce bile
129
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver cells produce bile

130
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Union of superior mesenteric and splenic veins. Deliver nutrients to liver for processing and storage

131
Q

Liver lobule

A

Hepatic portal triads at the periphery and a central vein in the middle

132
Q

Canniculus

A

First and smallest branch of bile collecting system. Travels in opposite direction as blood

133
Q

Sinusioid

A

Blood filled space between walls of hepatocytes

134
Q

Kupffer Cells

A

Immune like cells in between walls of hepatocytes, destroy dead blood cells and detoxify

135
Q

Hepatic plate

A

Sinusoid and walls of liver cells that surround them. 1-2 hepatocytes thick, separated by sinusoid

136
Q

Blood in liver

A

70% deoxygenated, but nutrient rich blood from portal vein

30% is oxygenated from hepatic artery

137
Q

Gall bladder

A

Attached under the right lobe of liver, concentrates and stores bile

138
Q

Fundus of gall bladder

A

Big superior bulge, followed by body and neck

139
Q

Common bile duct

A

Cystic duct carries stored bile to join with common hepatic duct

140
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of gall bladder

141
Q

Gall stones

A

Crystallization of bile

142
Q

3 locations of gall stones

A

Gall bladder
Neck or cystic duct
Common bile duct

143
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Stimulated by chyme entering duodenum, releases pancreatic juices and bile, relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter

144
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

Pancreatic islets produce insulin and glucagon

145
Q

Exocrine function of pancreas

A

Pancreatic acini make juices

146
Q

Acinar cells

A

Secrete 1L of digestive enzymes a day

147
Q

Secretin

A

Released in response to HCl, bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice neutralizes acid

148
Q

What does protein and fat trigger release of

A

Protein– enzymes

Fat– bile

149
Q

Gall bladder blood supply

A

Branches of hepatic artery

150
Q

Pancreas blood supply

A

Splenic artery supplies distal end, superior mesenteric supplies head and neck

Anatomy 3300 (6 decks)

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