Respiratory System Flashcards
3 functions of the RS
Ventilation
Gas Exchange
Oxygen utilization
Conducting RS
Gets air to the lungs
- Nasal cavities and terminal bronchioles
Respiratory RS
Allows functional gas exchange
- Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
2 structures of the upper RS
Nose
Pharynx
4 structures of the lower RS
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchioles
Lungs
Nose
Only external part of RS
- Moistens, warms and filters the air
Dorsum nasi
Cartilaginous, soft part of nose
Beginning and end of nasal cavity
Nostril
Choana
Choana
Opening at the back of the throat
2 vessels supplying nasal cavity
Anterior ethmoid
Posterior ethmoid
Vibrissae
Trap large particles in nasal cavity
2 mucous linings in nasal cavity
Olfactory
Respiratory
Olfactory mucosa
Covers cribiform plate of ethmoid
Respiratory mucosa
Trap small particles in nasal cavity
Chonchae
Bony protrusions in nasal cavity– hills
Meatus
Valleys in the nasal cavity to increase surface area. Covered in epithelium and highly vascular. Moistens air
Anterior epistaxis
Less bony protection on anterior side of nasal cavity causes more nose bleeds than in the posterior
Glottis
Location of vocal cords. Separates upper and lower RS
How many branches do bronchi have?
23
How many lobes do the lungs have?
Right– 3
Left– 2
3 functions of paranasal sinuses
Warm air
Sound resonance
Decrease skull weight
4 paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Maxillary
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal
Pharynx
Common tube for digestive and respiratory systems– Air is shuttled posteriorly with food, then buds off anteriorly with larynx
3 functions of the pharynx
Conduct air to larynx
Conduct foor to esophagus
Help resonate vocalizations
Pharynx structure
Skeletal muscle
Mucous membrane lining
Tonsils
Nasopharynx
Posterior to nasal cavity above soft palate. Passage for air
Uvula
Hangs from palate in oropharynx– moves superiorly along with soft palate to close off opening to nasopharynx during swallowing
Superior, inferior and anterior limits of nasopharynx
Superior: base of skull
Inferior: Soft palate
Anterior limit: Nasal conchae
Pharyngotympanic tube
Auditory tube connects nasopharynx to middle ear and equalizes pressure– ears popping is tube opening to release pressure
4 components of nasopharynx
Choana
Pharyngeal tonsil
Uvula
Auditory tube
Oropharynx
Posterior to oral cavity. Passage for food and air
Fauces
Arched opening at the back of the mouth, leading to oropharynx
Superior, Inferior and anterior limits of the oropharynx
Superior: Soft palate
Inferior: Base of epiglottis
Anterior: Palatoglossal arch
Epiglottis
Elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane, attached to entrance of larynx
4 components of the oropharynx
Palatine tonsils
Fauces
Lingual tonsils
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
Laryngopharynx
Posterior to larynx. Passage for food and air
Laryngeal inlet
Entrance from pharynx to larynx
Superior, inferior and anterior limits of laryngopharynx
Superior: base of epiglottis
Inferior: Cricoid cartilage, continues as esophagus
Anterior: Laryngeal inlet
Laryngeal inlet
Closes larynx during swallowing
Tonsils
4 groups of lymphoid tissue that prevent infection
Pharyngeal tonsil
Only one. Adenoids become enlarged and blocks air passage. In nasopharynx
Tubal tonsils
Surround pharyngotympanic tube. If blocked, pressure in tube can’t be equalized and ears feel blocked. Nasopharynx
Palatine Tonsils
Back of oral cavity
Lingual Tonsils
On tongue in oropharynx
URTI
Upper respiratory tract infection– flue and throat infections
Chest infection
Bronchitis, pneumonia
Chronic chest infections
Emphysema, Asthma
Larynx
5 cm long passage way between pharynx and trachea
Where is the larync
C4-6
Superior and inferior limits of the larynx
Superior: Base of epiglottis and hyoid bone
Inferior: Cricoid cartilage is continuous with trachea
3 functions of the larynx
Passage of air
Prevent passage of food
Produce vocalizations
Laryngeal arteries
Branches of superior and inferior thyroid artery– superior and inferior laryngeal arteries
4 nerves innervating larynx
Vagus
Internal laryngeal
External laryngeal
Recurrent laryngeal
Internal laryngeal nerve
Sensory: innervates larynx for cough reflex
External laryngeal nerve
Motor: Innervates cricothyroid muscles
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
More significant motor nerve, innervates larynx muscles and voice box except cricothyroid
Larynx skeleton
8 hyaline cartilages, 1 elastic– connected by elastic membranes
Hyoid bone
Attachment for tongue muscles above, larynx below and pharynx behind
3 single laryngeal cartilages
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Open book– Biggest, doesnt forma complete ring
Laryngeal prominence
Adams apple on thyroid cartilage
Thyroid membrane
Elastic membrane connects thyroid cartilage with hyoid bone above
Cricoid cartilage
Ring– snterior is thin, posterior is thick
2 membranes on cricoid cartilge
Cricothyroid– thyroid cartilage above
Cricotracheal– rings below
Epiglottis
Leaf of elastic cartilage connected to thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. Moves down to block laryngeal inlet
When is the epiglottis open
During air exchange
What covers the epiglottis
Taste-bud mucosa
3 paired laryngeal cartilages
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
Arytenoid cartilage
Pyramid– sits on top of cricoid and acts as a pivot. Vocal processes on anterior, muscle processes on posteriro
5 components of voice box
2 vocal ligaments 2 vestibular ligaments Thyroid and arytenoid cartilages Paired muscles Glottis
4 paired muscles in voice box
Cricothyroid
Thyroarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Glottis
Vocal cords and the rima glottidis
Rima Glottidis
Opening between two vocal ligaments
Vocal ligaments
Form true vocal cords. Made of elastic fibers. No mucosa
Vocal fold
Vocal ligaments covered in mucosa
What attaches arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
Vocal ligaments
Vestibular Ligaments
Form false vocal cords (no role in voice production). Superior to vocal folds
Cricothyroid muscle
Pulls thyroid cartilage forwards (towards origin) to increase tension in vocal ligaments and raise pitch
Thyroarytenoid and Vocalis
Shortens vocal ligaments and pulls them towards the centre. Tension is decreased and pitch is lowered
2 muscles attaching to muscular processes of cricoid cartilage
Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid. Effect loudness of pitch and move in opposite direction of vocal processes and ligaments
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Abducts and laterally rotates cartilage. Pulls vocal ligaments away from midline and increases loudness
Lateral Cricoarytenoid muscle
Adduct and medially rotate cartilage. Pulls vocal ligaments towards midline and decreases loudness
Voice production
Release of expired air through glottis
Trachea
Tube of connective tissue and smooth muscle descends from larynx into mediastinum
How many tracheal rings
16-20 C shaped rings
Posterior side of trachea
Free of cartilage but has trachealis muscle. Esophagus is posterior
Number of segmental bronchi
Right: 10
Left: 7 or 8
Carina
Arch connecting two bronchi
Bronchioles
No cartilage rings. Right one is shorter, wider and more vertical
Composition of bronchioles
Simple cuboidal epithelium. Cilia are sparse , no mucous producing cells
Terminal Bronchioles
End of conducting division, filtered air gets to lungs at 37 degrees
Throat cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma of pharyngeal wall or larynx
Glottic cancer
Begins in upper portion of larynx, includes epiglottis cancer
Subglottic cancer
Begins in lower part of larynx, below vocal cords
Stoma
Trachea exposed to surface of neck to allow breathing after laryngectomy
Electrolaryngeal speech
Mechanical device produces vibrations in throat– servox
Esophageal speech
Using air in esophagus and pharynx to generate vibrations
Tracheo- esophageal speech
Voice prosthesis connects trachea to esophagus using air to generate vibrations
Pleural membrane
Two layers of serous membrane, fluid filled pleural cavity between
Parietal pleura
Outermost layer lining thorax and diaphragm– covers more area
Visceral pleura
Innermost layer lines lungs
Pleural effusion
Fluid buildup in pleural cavity
Where do the pleural layers connect?
Root of lung
Respiratory bronchioles
Branch from terminal bronchioles. Include alveolar ducts and sacs
Alveolar ducts
Protrude from respiratory bronchioles, smooth muscle and connective tissue
Alveolar sacs
Clusters of alveoli
Respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles– alveolar sacs– alveoli– alveolar ducts
Type 1 alveolar cells
Make up alveolar walls. Simple squamous epithelium covered in pulmonary capillaries
Respiratory membrane
Interface between alveolar and capillary cell membranes. Air- blood barrier
Type 2 alveolar cells
Cuboidal, secrete surfactant to decrease surface tension. Non gas exchnage
Surfactant
Complex of lipids and proteins. Without it, alveoli would collapse
Alveolar macrophage
Dust cells– remove debris
Alveolar pores
How alveoli are connected, equalizes pressure in lungs
Lungs
All structures beyond primary bronchi are inside. Occupies all of thoracic cavity except for mediastinum
5 things passing through hilus of lung
Slit in medial surface for…
1) Pulmonary arteries
2) Pulmonary veins
3) Bronchi
4) Lymph vessels
5) Nerves
Right lung
Upper lobe Horizontal fissure Middle Oblique fissure Lower
Left lung
Upper an lower lobe separated by oblique fissure. Cardiac impression on meidal surface
Pulmonary blood supply
Large-volume, low pressure venous blood input. Deoxygenated blood from heart enters capillary network surrounding alveoli
What vessels do blood enter and exit the heart through
Exits at left ventricle
Enters heart at right atria
Bronchial blood supply
High pressure, small volume. Provides systemic blood to lung tissues except alveoli. Arise at aorta and enter lung at hilus
Oder of bronchioles
Conducting
Terminal
Respiratory
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Lung cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
Most common– effects major bronchi branch leading to obstruction
Adenocarcinoma
Occurs peripherally and centrally, effecting bronchial epithelium and mucosal glands
Small cell carcinoma
Usually central and highly invasive. Most aggressive and disseminates quickly
Large cell carcinoma
85% of lung cancer. Arise centrally and invades mediastinum. Disseminates widely
Intrathoracic Infiltration
Cancer spreading beyond lungs, into other thoracic organs
Paratracheal tumour
Right side: Obstructs superior vena cava
Left side: Carotid artery
Peripheral tumour
Chest wall invasion, can involve ribs. Causes pleural effusion
Intrapulmonary Mestases
Few symptoms except breathlessness so its hardest to detect
Apical tumour
Brachial plexus is involved, can effect ribs and clavicle
Mediastinal tumour
Arrthymias, diaphragm palsy, chest pain
– Inferior to paratracheal
Hilar Tumour
Left side. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy which effects speech
RLN on the left
Loops back around subclavian and larynx
RLN on the right
Loops around arch of aorta and back up to larynx
3 parts of cartilagnious framework of nose
Lateral nasal
Septal
Alar