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Anatomy 3300 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of the RS

A

Ventilation
Gas Exchange
Oxygen utilization

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2
Q

Conducting RS

A

Gets air to the lungs

- Nasal cavities and terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

Respiratory RS

A

Allows functional gas exchange

- Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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4
Q

2 structures of the upper RS

A

Nose

Pharynx

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5
Q

4 structures of the lower RS

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchioles
Lungs

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6
Q

Nose

A

Only external part of RS

- Moistens, warms and filters the air

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7
Q

Dorsum nasi

A

Cartilaginous, soft part of nose

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8
Q

Beginning and end of nasal cavity

A

Nostril

Choana

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9
Q

Choana

A

Opening at the back of the throat

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10
Q

2 vessels supplying nasal cavity

A

Anterior ethmoid

Posterior ethmoid

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11
Q

Vibrissae

A

Trap large particles in nasal cavity

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12
Q

2 mucous linings in nasal cavity

A

Olfactory

Respiratory

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13
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

Covers cribiform plate of ethmoid

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14
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Trap small particles in nasal cavity

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15
Q

Chonchae

A

Bony protrusions in nasal cavity– hills

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16
Q

Meatus

A

Valleys in the nasal cavity to increase surface area. Covered in epithelium and highly vascular. Moistens air

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17
Q

Anterior epistaxis

A

Less bony protection on anterior side of nasal cavity causes more nose bleeds than in the posterior

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18
Q

Glottis

A

Location of vocal cords. Separates upper and lower RS

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19
Q

How many branches do bronchi have?

A

23

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20
Q

How many lobes do the lungs have?

A

Right– 3

Left– 2

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21
Q

3 functions of paranasal sinuses

A

Warm air
Sound resonance
Decrease skull weight

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22
Q

4 paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal

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23
Q

Pharynx

A

Common tube for digestive and respiratory systems– Air is shuttled posteriorly with food, then buds off anteriorly with larynx

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24
Q

3 functions of the pharynx

A

Conduct air to larynx
Conduct foor to esophagus
Help resonate vocalizations

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25
Q

Pharynx structure

A

Skeletal muscle
Mucous membrane lining
Tonsils

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26
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Posterior to nasal cavity above soft palate. Passage for air

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27
Q

Uvula

A

Hangs from palate in oropharynx– moves superiorly along with soft palate to close off opening to nasopharynx during swallowing

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28
Q

Superior, inferior and anterior limits of nasopharynx

A

Superior: base of skull
Inferior: Soft palate
Anterior limit: Nasal conchae

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29
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

Auditory tube connects nasopharynx to middle ear and equalizes pressure– ears popping is tube opening to release pressure

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30
Q

4 components of nasopharynx

A

Choana
Pharyngeal tonsil
Uvula
Auditory tube

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31
Q

Oropharynx

A

Posterior to oral cavity. Passage for food and air

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32
Q

Fauces

A

Arched opening at the back of the mouth, leading to oropharynx

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33
Q

Superior, Inferior and anterior limits of the oropharynx

A

Superior: Soft palate
Inferior: Base of epiglottis
Anterior: Palatoglossal arch

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34
Q

Epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane, attached to entrance of larynx

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35
Q

4 components of the oropharynx

A

Palatine tonsils
Fauces
Lingual tonsils
Posterior 1/3 of tongue

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36
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Posterior to larynx. Passage for food and air

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37
Q

Laryngeal inlet

A

Entrance from pharynx to larynx

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38
Q

Superior, inferior and anterior limits of laryngopharynx

A

Superior: base of epiglottis
Inferior: Cricoid cartilage, continues as esophagus
Anterior: Laryngeal inlet

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39
Q

Laryngeal inlet

A

Closes larynx during swallowing

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40
Q

Tonsils

A

4 groups of lymphoid tissue that prevent infection

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41
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

Only one. Adenoids become enlarged and blocks air passage. In nasopharynx

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42
Q

Tubal tonsils

A

Surround pharyngotympanic tube. If blocked, pressure in tube can’t be equalized and ears feel blocked. Nasopharynx

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43
Q

Palatine Tonsils

A

Back of oral cavity

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44
Q

Lingual Tonsils

A

On tongue in oropharynx

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45
Q

URTI

A

Upper respiratory tract infection– flue and throat infections

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46
Q

Chest infection

A

Bronchitis, pneumonia

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47
Q

Chronic chest infections

A

Emphysema, Asthma

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48
Q

Larynx

A

5 cm long passage way between pharynx and trachea

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49
Q

Where is the larync

A

C4-6

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50
Q

Superior and inferior limits of the larynx

A

Superior: Base of epiglottis and hyoid bone
Inferior: Cricoid cartilage is continuous with trachea

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51
Q

3 functions of the larynx

A

Passage of air
Prevent passage of food
Produce vocalizations

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52
Q

Laryngeal arteries

A

Branches of superior and inferior thyroid artery– superior and inferior laryngeal arteries

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53
Q

4 nerves innervating larynx

A

Vagus
Internal laryngeal
External laryngeal
Recurrent laryngeal

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54
Q

Internal laryngeal nerve

A

Sensory: innervates larynx for cough reflex

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55
Q

External laryngeal nerve

A

Motor: Innervates cricothyroid muscles

56
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

More significant motor nerve, innervates larynx muscles and voice box except cricothyroid

57
Q

Larynx skeleton

A

8 hyaline cartilages, 1 elastic– connected by elastic membranes

58
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Attachment for tongue muscles above, larynx below and pharynx behind

59
Q

3 single laryngeal cartilages

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

60
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Open book– Biggest, doesnt forma complete ring

61
Q

Laryngeal prominence

A

Adams apple on thyroid cartilage

62
Q

Thyroid membrane

A

Elastic membrane connects thyroid cartilage with hyoid bone above

63
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Ring– snterior is thin, posterior is thick

64
Q

2 membranes on cricoid cartilge

A

Cricothyroid– thyroid cartilage above

Cricotracheal– rings below

65
Q

Epiglottis

A

Leaf of elastic cartilage connected to thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. Moves down to block laryngeal inlet

66
Q

When is the epiglottis open

A

During air exchange

67
Q

What covers the epiglottis

A

Taste-bud mucosa

68
Q

3 paired laryngeal cartilages

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

69
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

Pyramid– sits on top of cricoid and acts as a pivot. Vocal processes on anterior, muscle processes on posteriro

70
Q

5 components of voice box

A 
2 vocal ligaments
2 vestibular ligaments
Thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
Paired muscles
Glottis
71
Q

4 paired muscles in voice box

A

Cricothyroid
Thyroarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid

72
Q

Glottis

A

Vocal cords and the rima glottidis

73
Q

Rima Glottidis

A

Opening between two vocal ligaments

74
Q

Vocal ligaments

A

Form true vocal cords. Made of elastic fibers. No mucosa

75
Q

Vocal fold

A

Vocal ligaments covered in mucosa

76
Q

What attaches arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage

A

Vocal ligaments

77
Q

Vestibular Ligaments

A

Form false vocal cords (no role in voice production). Superior to vocal folds

78
Q

Cricothyroid muscle

A

Pulls thyroid cartilage forwards (towards origin) to increase tension in vocal ligaments and raise pitch

79
Q

Thyroarytenoid and Vocalis

A

Shortens vocal ligaments and pulls them towards the centre. Tension is decreased and pitch is lowered

80
Q

2 muscles attaching to muscular processes of cricoid cartilage

A

Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid. Effect loudness of pitch and move in opposite direction of vocal processes and ligaments

81
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

A

Abducts and laterally rotates cartilage. Pulls vocal ligaments away from midline and increases loudness

82
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid muscle

A

Adduct and medially rotate cartilage. Pulls vocal ligaments towards midline and decreases loudness

83
Q

Voice production

A

Release of expired air through glottis

84
Q

Trachea

A

Tube of connective tissue and smooth muscle descends from larynx into mediastinum

85
Q

How many tracheal rings

A

16-20 C shaped rings

86
Q

Posterior side of trachea

A

Free of cartilage but has trachealis muscle. Esophagus is posterior

87
Q

Number of segmental bronchi

A

Right: 10
Left: 7 or 8

88
Q

Carina

A

Arch connecting two bronchi

89
Q

Bronchioles

A

No cartilage rings. Right one is shorter, wider and more vertical

90
Q

Composition of bronchioles

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium. Cilia are sparse , no mucous producing cells

91
Q

Terminal Bronchioles

A

End of conducting division, filtered air gets to lungs at 37 degrees

92
Q

Throat cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of pharyngeal wall or larynx

93
Q

Glottic cancer

A

Begins in upper portion of larynx, includes epiglottis cancer

94
Q

Subglottic cancer

A

Begins in lower part of larynx, below vocal cords

95
Q

Stoma

A

Trachea exposed to surface of neck to allow breathing after laryngectomy

96
Q

Electrolaryngeal speech

A

Mechanical device produces vibrations in throat– servox

97
Q

Esophageal speech

A

Using air in esophagus and pharynx to generate vibrations

98
Q

Tracheo- esophageal speech

A

Voice prosthesis connects trachea to esophagus using air to generate vibrations

99
Q

Pleural membrane

A

Two layers of serous membrane, fluid filled pleural cavity between

100
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Outermost layer lining thorax and diaphragm– covers more area

101
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Innermost layer lines lungs

102
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Fluid buildup in pleural cavity

103
Q

Where do the pleural layers connect?

A

Root of lung

104
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Branch from terminal bronchioles. Include alveolar ducts and sacs

105
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Protrude from respiratory bronchioles, smooth muscle and connective tissue

106
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

Clusters of alveoli

107
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles– alveolar sacs– alveoli– alveolar ducts

108
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells

A

Make up alveolar walls. Simple squamous epithelium covered in pulmonary capillaries

109
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Interface between alveolar and capillary cell membranes. Air- blood barrier

110
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells

A

Cuboidal, secrete surfactant to decrease surface tension. Non gas exchnage

111
Q

Surfactant

A

Complex of lipids and proteins. Without it, alveoli would collapse

112
Q

Alveolar macrophage

A

Dust cells– remove debris

113
Q

Alveolar pores

A

How alveoli are connected, equalizes pressure in lungs

114
Q

Lungs

A

All structures beyond primary bronchi are inside. Occupies all of thoracic cavity except for mediastinum

115
Q

5 things passing through hilus of lung

A

Slit in medial surface for…

1) Pulmonary arteries
2) Pulmonary veins
3) Bronchi
4) Lymph vessels
5) Nerves

116
Q

Right lung

A 
Upper lobe
Horizontal fissure
Middle
Oblique fissure
Lower
117
Q

Left lung

A

Upper an lower lobe separated by oblique fissure. Cardiac impression on meidal surface

118
Q

Pulmonary blood supply

A

Large-volume, low pressure venous blood input. Deoxygenated blood from heart enters capillary network surrounding alveoli

119
Q

What vessels do blood enter and exit the heart through

A

Exits at left ventricle

Enters heart at right atria

120
Q

Bronchial blood supply

A

High pressure, small volume. Provides systemic blood to lung tissues except alveoli. Arise at aorta and enter lung at hilus

121
Q

Oder of bronchioles

A

Conducting
Terminal
Respiratory

122
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Lung cancer

123
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Most common– effects major bronchi branch leading to obstruction

124
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Occurs peripherally and centrally, effecting bronchial epithelium and mucosal glands

125
Q

Small cell carcinoma

A

Usually central and highly invasive. Most aggressive and disseminates quickly

126
Q

Large cell carcinoma

A

85% of lung cancer. Arise centrally and invades mediastinum. Disseminates widely

127
Q

Intrathoracic Infiltration

A

Cancer spreading beyond lungs, into other thoracic organs

128
Q

Paratracheal tumour

A

Right side: Obstructs superior vena cava

Left side: Carotid artery

129
Q

Peripheral tumour

A

Chest wall invasion, can involve ribs. Causes pleural effusion

130
Q

Intrapulmonary Mestases

A

Few symptoms except breathlessness so its hardest to detect

131
Q

Apical tumour

A

Brachial plexus is involved, can effect ribs and clavicle

132
Q

Mediastinal tumour

A

Arrthymias, diaphragm palsy, chest pain

– Inferior to paratracheal

133
Q

Hilar Tumour

A

Left side. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy which effects speech

134
Q

RLN on the left

A

Loops back around subclavian and larynx

135
Q

RLN on the right

A

Loops around arch of aorta and back up to larynx

136
Q

3 parts of cartilagnious framework of nose

A

Lateral nasal
Septal
Alar

Anatomy 3300 (6 decks)

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