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Histology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What % of CO do the kidneys receive?

A

25%

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2
Q

The kidneys regulate BP via … production

A

renin

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3
Q

The kidneys produce and secrete … which stimulates production of RBCs

A

erythropoietin

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4
Q

The kidneys control calcium metabolism by activating …, a vitamin D derivative.

A

1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol

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5
Q

concave portion of the kidney, where the renal artery and renal vein and nerves pass

A

hilum

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6
Q

the hilum contains the …, which is the funnel-shaped origin of the ureter

A

renal pelvis

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7
Q

The space within the hilum, filled with loose connective and adipose tissue

A

renal sinus

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8
Q

Outer, reddish area which receives ~90% - 95% of the blood passing through the kidney

A

cortex

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9
Q

lighter-colored inner part of kidney

A

medulla

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10
Q

Has renal corpuscles and associated tubules of the nephron

A

cortical labyrinth

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11
Q

vertical striations in the cortex containing straight tubules of the nephron and collecting ducts

A

medullary rays

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12
Q

are similar in composition to cortical tissue (renal corpuscles and associated tubules but NO medullary rays); are considered part of the medulla

A

renal columns

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13
Q

formed from the arrangement of tubules in the medulla

A

medullary pyramids

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14
Q

the base of the medullary pyramid is found at the

A

cortico-medullary junction

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15
Q

the sides of the medullary pyramids consist of

A

half of the renal columns

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16
Q

the apical portion of the medullary pyramids is known as the …

A

papilla

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17
Q

The tip of the papilla is known as the

A

area cribosa

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18
Q

The papilla projects into a

A

minor calyx (which is a branch of the major calyx)

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19
Q

The calices are an extension of the

A

renal pelvis

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20
Q

medullary (renal) pyramid and the cortical tissue at its base and sides (one half of each renal column)

A

lobe

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21
Q

the number of lobes in a kidney equals the number of

A

medullary pyramids

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22
Q

Each lobe is subdivided into multiple

A

lobules

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23
Q

What consists of a medullary ray located in the center and the surrounding cortical material?

A

lobule

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24
Q

A lobule represents a renal …

A

secretory unit

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25
Q

What consists of a collecting duct and a group of nephrons that drain into that duct?

A

renal secretory unit

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26
Q

make up 1/8 of all nephrons; the renal corpuscle is close to the base of the medullary pyramid; have long loops of Henle; important for urine concentration

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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27
Q

Renal corpuscle is located in the outer part of the cortex; have short loops of Henle; majority of nephrons in the kidney

A

Cortical nephrons

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28
Q

The nephron consists of the … and its tubule system

A

renal corpuscle

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29
Q

Consists of a tuft of capillaries known as the glomerulus surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

A

Renal corpuscle

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30
Q

What connects to the collecting tubule and duct

A

distal convoluted tubule

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31
Q

One nephron and its collecting duct form the

A

uriniferous tubule

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32
Q

What is in the cortex (cortical labyrinth)?

A
  1. renal corpuscle
  2. proximal and distal convoluted tubules
  3. collecting tubules
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33
Q

What is in the medullary ray?

A
  1. straight tubules of the nephron

2. collecting ducts

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34
Q

What is in the outer medulla-outer stripe?

A
  1. proximal and distal straight tubules

2. collecting ducts

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35
Q

What is in the outer medulla-inner stripe?

A
  1. thin segment of Henle’s loop
  2. distal straight tubules
  3. collecting ducts
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36
Q

What is in the inner medulla?

A
  1. thin segment of Henle’s loop

2. collecting ducts

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37
Q

Where the afferent and efferent arterioles enter and leave the renal corpuscle

A

vascular pole

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38
Q

Where the glomerular ultra filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule

A

urinary pole

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39
Q

simple squamous epithelium that lines Bowman’s space

A

parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

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40
Q

Contains specialized cells called podocytes that extend processes around the glomerular capillaries

A

visceral layer

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41
Q

receptacle for the ultra filtrate

A

Bowman’s (urinary) space

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42
Q

Has numerous fenestrations, but lacks a diaphragm. Have a large number of aquaporins and have a thick, negatively charged glycocalyx

A

Glomerular Capillary Endothelium

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43
Q

Produced by both endothelial cells and the podocytes

A

Glomerular Basement Membrane

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44
Q

Acts as a physical barrier and an ion selective filter (repels anions and restricts the movement of cationic molecules)

A

Glomerular Basement Membrane

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45
Q

What layer of the Glomerular Basement Membrane is adjacent to podocyte processes, rich in negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (for example, heparin sulfate), repels negatively charged molecules

A

lamina rara external

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46
Q

What layer of the Glomerular Basement Membrane is adjacent to capillary endothelium, and has similar features to the l. rara externa

A

lamina rara interna

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47
Q

What layer of the Glomerular Basement Membrane is an overlapping of the lamina rara external and interna, made up of type IV collagen that forms a network; acts as a physical barrier

A

lamina densa

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48
Q

podocytes of the visceral layer of Bowman’s Capsule are coated with … which is negatively charged (also acts as a charge barrier)

A

podocalyxin

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49
Q

podocytes extend processes that surround the capillaries, these processes develop numerous secondary processes called …

A

pedicels or foot processes

50
Q

The spaces between the interdigitating foot processes are the … and are covered by an ultra thin …

A

filtration slits; filtration slit diaphragm (acts as a true size-selective physical barrier)

51
Q

The filtration slit diaphragm is a modified …

A

adherens junction

52
Q

a transmembrane protein that is an important component of the diaphragm (interdigitate with each other forming a “zipper”)

A

nephrin

53
Q

Refers to the mesangial cells and their extracellular matrix occupying the region between glomerular capillaries; they are most evident at the vascular pole

A

mesangium

54
Q

The primary function of the mesangial cells is to maintain the structure and function of the …

A

glomerular barrier

55
Q

Phagocytes derived from smooth muscle cells

A

mesangial cells

56
Q

A function of the mesangial cells; remove trapped molecules and renew the basal lamina

A

phagocytosis

57
Q

A function of the mesangial cells; removal of plasma proteins

A

endocytosis

58
Q

A function of the mesangial cells; produce components of the mesangial matrix

A

structural support

59
Q

A function of the mesangial cells; regulates glomerular dissension in response to high BP

A

Contraction

60
Q

A function of the mesangial cells; these molecules are important factors in responding to glomerular injury

A

Secretion: IL-1, PDGF

61
Q

located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle; regulates BP, sodium homeostasis and renal dynamics by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

62
Q

Includes the following cells: macula dense, juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells), Lacis cells

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

63
Q

Cells of the distal straight tubule located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle at the junction of ht distal straight tubule with the distal convoluted tubule

A

macula dense cells

64
Q

Macula dense cells are … cells that control renal blood flow, glomerular filtration and renin release

A

salt-sensors

65
Q

What mediators are released from macula dense cells?

A

ATP, NO, prostaglandins

66
Q

Mediators released from macula dense cells stimulate Juxtaglomerular cells to secrete …

A

renin

67
Q

Are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole; have rounded nuclei and secretory granules that contain the protease renin

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

68
Q

Released renin from JG cells converts circulating … to …

A

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

69
Q

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the …

A

lung

70
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the release of … from the adrenal medulla

A

aldosterone

71
Q

Aldosterone acts on kidney tubule cells to increase …

A

Na+ and water reabsorption -> BV and BP are increased

72
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells) connect with each other via …

A

gap junctions

73
Q

Receives ultra filtrate from Bowman’s capsule; is the initial and major site of reabsorption (65-70% of water, glucose, Na, Cl, K, and other solutes are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate)

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

74
Q

What type of cells make up the PCT?

A

cuboidal

75
Q

Ultrastructure of PCT Cells - Packed microvilli corresponding to the brush border seen with the LM; well developed glycocalyx that traps and digests small peptides and disaccharides; tight junctions

A

apical surface

76
Q

Ultrastructure of PCT Cells - vesicles and lysosomes; proteins are endocytosed by PCT cells and endocytosed proteins are degraded in lysosomes

A

apical cytoplasm

77
Q

Ultrastructure of PCT Cells - contain Na/K-ATPase pumps responsible for Na reabsorption; water follows by osmosis. The membrane also contains the transmembrane water channel, AQP-1

A

Lateral folds

78
Q

Ultrastructure of PCT Cells - mitochondria; bundles of actin filaments to regulate the movement of fluid from the basolateral extracellular space toward the peritubular capillaries

A

basal portion

79
Q

What is the size of the DCT in comparison to the PCT?

A

~1/3 as long as the PCT

80
Q

epithelia cells of DCT are shorted than those of the PCT and lack a …

A

prominent brush border

81
Q

DCT is impermeable to water unless what is present?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

82
Q

DCT cells are not actively engaged in endocytosis as in the PCT therefore there are no prominent …

A

apical vesicles

83
Q

PST is permeable to

A

water

84
Q

What is the epithelium of the Thin Segment of Henle’s Loop

A

simple squamous epithelium

85
Q

What portion of the Thin Segment of Henle’s Loop is highly permeable to NaCl -> passive diffusion of NaCl into the interstitium?

A

ascending limb

86
Q

What portion of the Thin Segment of Henle’s loop is highly impermeable to water -> tubular fluid becomes hyposmotic with respect to plasma?

A

ascending limb

87
Q

Ultra filtrate from the PT that enters the thin descending limb of the Thin Segment of Henle’s loop is …

A

isosmotic related to plasma

88
Q

The medullary interstitium becomes … due to the transport activity of the loop of Henle

A

hyperosmotic

89
Q

The Distal Straight Tubule (DS) is the same as the …

A

ascending thick limb of Henle’s loop

90
Q

In what do the cells have electroneutral transporters (synporters) that allow Cl, Na, and K to enter the cell from the lumen

A

Distal Straight Tubule

91
Q

Na is actively transported out of the cell at the basolateral surface of …, result is the transport of ions from the tubular ultra filtrate to the interstitium.

A

Distal Straight Tubule

92
Q

Is impermeable to water -> separation of water from its solutes occurs here?

A

Distal Straight Tubule

93
Q

‘horizontal tubules’ in cortical labyrinth that connect DCT to collecting ducts

A

collecting tubules

94
Q

What part of the collecting tubules and ducts is found in the medullary ray?

A

cortical collecting duct

95
Q

What part of the collecting tubules and ducts is found in the medulla?

A

medullary collecting duct

96
Q

What part of the collecting tubules and ducts is found at the medullary apex and empty into the minor calyx at the area cribosa?

A

papillary duct (of Bellini)

97
Q

Which of the 2 types of cells in the collecting ducts is called the collecting duct cells, CD cells?

A

light or principle cells

98
Q

Light or principle cells have abundant … regulated water channels responsible for the water permeability of the collecting duct?

A

ADH

99
Q

What cells of the collecting ducts secrete H+ or bicarb depending on whether the kidney needs to excrete excess acid or alkali?

A

dark or intercalated cells (IC cells)

100
Q

What cells of the cortical interstitium produce EPO and extracellular matrix components?

A

fibroblasts

101
Q

What is the major cell of the medullary interstitium?

A

myofibroblast

102
Q

Oriented to the long axis of the tubules suggesting they function to compress the structures. They also contain abundant actin filaments and secrete prostaglandins.

A

myofibroblasts

103
Q

Each kidney receives a branch of the abdominal aorta known as the renal artery, which branches in the renal sinus into …

A

segmental arteries

104
Q

In the kidney segmental arteries branch into the … that travel between the pyramids up to the cortex

A

interlobar

105
Q

At the base of the medullary pyramid the interloper arteries arch and course along the base of the pyramid as the …

A

arcuate arteries

106
Q

The arcuate arteries send branches, the …, into the cortex

A

interlobular arteries

107
Q

Interlobular arteries branch to form … - one to each glomerulus to supply the capillaries of the glomerulus

A

afferent arterioles

108
Q

Glomeruli capillaries form the …

A

efferent arteriole

109
Q

Efferent arterioles from the cortical nephrons lead into the …

A

peritubular capillaries

110
Q

Efferent arterioles from the juxtamedullary nephrons descend into the medulla(follow loop of Henle) to form the …

A

vasa recta

111
Q

What countercurrent system is associated with the Loop of Henle, responsible for producing a hyperosmotic/concentrated urine?

A

Countercurrent Multiplier System

112
Q

What countercurrent system is associated with the Vasa recta, maintains the osmotic gradient of the medulla?

A

Countercurrent Exchange System

113
Q

What part of the Loop of Henle is permeable to water and relatively impermeable to solutes?

A

Descending limb

114
Q

What part of the Loop of Henle is impermeable to water and permeable to solutes?

A

Ascending limb

115
Q

In the production of a concentrated urine, ADH acts on terminal portion of … and the … to increase permeability to water via water channels (aquaporin 2)

A

DCT and the collecting ducts

116
Q

Conduct urine from the pelvis to the bladder; lined with transitional epithelium

A

ureters

117
Q

What is the adventitia of the ureters?

A

adipose tissue, vessels and nerves

118
Q

What is the smooth muscle of the bladder wall?

A

detrusor muscle

119
Q

Parasympathetic fibers from the spinal cord segments S2 to S4 innervate the muscle bundles of the bladder and form the efferent fibers of the …

A

micturition reflex

120
Q

What is the epithelium of the female urethra?

A

transitional to stratified squamous

121
Q

Paraurethral glands of the female urethra produce an …

A

alkaline secretion

Histology (8 decks)

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