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Histology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the basics of the neural tissue (cells, ECM, & vascularization)

A
  • abundance of cells
  • scarcity of ECM
  • Well-vascularized
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2
Q

Neurons are supported by a small amount of what CT?

A

mainly collagen

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3
Q

Neurons are also closely associated by what supporting cells?

A

Schwann cells, satellite cells, gila

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4
Q

Clusters of the cell bodies of neurons in the CNS

A

Nuclei

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5
Q

Clusters of the cell bodies of neurons in the PNS

A

Ganglia

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6
Q

Bundles of neuronal processes in the CNS

A

Tract

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7
Q

Bundles of neuronal processes in the PNS

A

Nerves

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8
Q

Areas of the CNS containing predominantly myelinated neuronal processes

A

Whit matter of the CNS

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9
Q

Areas of the CNS containing predominantly neuronal cell bodies (they may be aggregated to form nuclei; they may form layers; or, as in the spinal cord, a mass of tissue which shows a butterfly-shaped image in cross sections of the spinal cord.)

A

Gray matter of the CNS

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10
Q

the neuron is composed of a cell body, referred to as the …, and one or more cell processes.

A

soma or perikaryon

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11
Q

Cell processes are classified on the basis of function, Those which function in the reception of stimuli are termed …

A

dendrites

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12
Q

If the neuronal soma functions as a receptor site it is included in the …

A

dendritic zone

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13
Q

The single process that conducts an impulse away from the dendritic zone is termed the …

A

axon

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14
Q

What is the effector portion of the neuron?

A

Nerve terminals

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15
Q

Unipolar neurons have a single process. They are common in …

A

sensory ganglia; sensory modality

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16
Q

Bipolar neurons have two processes. They are associated with …

A

special senses of sight, and smell

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17
Q

Multipolar neurons have three or more processes. They are common in the CNS, …, also in the PNS in the …

A

CNS motorneurons

PNS in the sympathetic ganglion

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18
Q

The supportive cell of the CNS

A

Neurogila

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19
Q

The supportive cell of the PNS

A

Neurilemma (Schwann cells)

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20
Q

The supportive cell of the ganglia

A

Satellite cells

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21
Q

What is the most abundant type of gila cell?

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

Neurogila cell that anchor neurons to their blood supply

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

What 2 things do Astrocytes do to regulate the external chemical environment of neurons?

A
  • remove excess ions, notably Potassium

- Recycle NTs released during synaptic transmission

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24
Q

What neurogila cell coats axons of the CNS with their cell membrane, called myelin, producing the myelin sheath?

A

oligodendrocytes

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25
Q

These neurogila cells line the cavities of the CNS and make up the walls of the ventricles

A

Ependymal cells

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26
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ependymal cells?

A

Secrete CSF & beat their cilia to help circulate that CSF

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27
Q

These supportive cells of the CNS are not technically neurogila, but they are specialized …. capable of … that protect neurons of the CNS.

A

macrophages capable of phagocytosis

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28
Q

CT proper forms what three things?

A
  • meninges of the CNS
  • capsules of ganglia
  • fibrous storm of the PNS
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29
Q

Where are neuronal cells bodies found?

A
  • nuclei & gray matter of the CNS

- within the ganglia in the PNS

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30
Q

What is the euchromatin content of the nucleus of a neuron?

A

there is abundant euchromatin

- nucleoplasm is typically pale

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31
Q

What appears as basophilic granules or clumps of material in cells prepared for LM?

A

Nissl substance

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32
Q

Nissl substance represents concentrations of …, which may extend into the …

A

rER

- may extend into the dendrites but not the axon

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33
Q

Abundance of Nissl Substance suggests …

A

active synthesis of proteins

34
Q

Neurofibrils are made up of …, like those seen in other cells

A

intermediate filaments and microtubules

35
Q

Intermediate filaments and microtubules of neurofibrils may function in the transport of materials …

A

out of the SOMAL region and distally in CELLULAR PROCESSES

36
Q

What accumulates in the soma as a neuron ages?

A

lipofuscin pigment (yellow-brown)

37
Q

Lipofuscin pigment can be seen confined within vesicles , which may have been lysosomes at an earlier time. The pigment represents an …

A

indigestible end-product by lysosomal activity

38
Q

What is the only organelle not present in dendrites?

A

Golgi

39
Q

The site of axon origin from the cells body is made conspicuous by the abrupt disappearance of …

A

Nissl substance

40
Q

the origin of the axon, is called the …, and is seen as an area of pale cytoplasm

A

axon hillock

41
Q

The axon gives off occasional branches, along its course, called….

A

collaterals

42
Q

The axoplasm has no …

A

GA, rER, or ribosomes

43
Q

The axoplasm has no mechanism for …., therefore is is dependent on flow of materials from the cell body.

A

protein synthesis

44
Q

Bidirectional transport of molecules and selected organelles along the axon.

A

axoplasmic transport

45
Q

Moves materials from the soma to axon and dendrite terminals.

A

Anterograde transport

46
Q

What er the microtubule associated proteins for anterograde transport?

A

Kinesin & ATP

47
Q

Transport relies on the microtubule-associated protein … to move materials from the periphery of axons and dendrites to the soma.

A

Dynein

48
Q

Which axoplasmic transport system only employs the fast method of conveyance?

A

Retrograde

49
Q

In both forms of axoplasmic transport, … establish a system of “rails” extending the length of the axon or dendrite.

A

microtubules

50
Q

what % of the myelin is represented by lipid?

A

80%

51
Q

What % of the myelin is represented by protein?

A

20%

52
Q

The amount of myelin surrounding an axon is directly proportional to the axon’s …

A

diameter

53
Q

Myelination in the CNS is accomplished by ….

A

oligodendrocytes, a type of glial cell

54
Q

During conduction of an excitatory impulse, generation of the AP occurs sequentially at each node (the impulse “skips” from node to node). This is called …

A

Saltatory conduction

55
Q

Encircling the myelin when it is present, is the Schwann cell. The embrace of the Schwann cell constitutes the …

A

Neurilemma

56
Q

The neurilemma can’t be seen at the LM level but its presence may be indicated by a …

A

nucleus

57
Q

Synapse located between axon & dendrite

A

axodendritic

58
Q

Synapse located between axon & cell body

A

axosomatic

59
Q

Synapse where one axon contacts another axon near its beginning or end. (comparatively infrequent)

A

axoaxonic

60
Q

Connections between the ANS and …. are unusual in that no special junctions (synaptic clefts) are formed. Instead bulbous enlargements of the axon, with aggregates of synaptic vesicles, are seen adjacent to the muscles cells

A

Heart muscle & Smooth muscle

61
Q

The peripheral nerves are composed of … & …

A

nerve fibers (axons & their ensheathments) & CT

62
Q

Nerve fibers (axons) occur in bundles, or …

A

fascicles

63
Q

Fascicles are gathered together by a surrounding layer of … to form a nerve

A

dense CT

64
Q

The sleeve of dense CT enclosing the entire nerve is termed the …, and extensions of this may penetrate between the enclosed fascicles.

A

Epineurium

65
Q

Immediately surrounding each fascicle is a thin layer of concentrically arranged dense CT, the …

A

perineurium

66
Q

Within the fascicle and around each nerve fiber is a meshwork of fine collagen fibers with occasional fibroblasts. The fibrous framework is called the …

A

Endoneurium

67
Q

Blood vessels and lymphatics course in the … and supply capillaries within the ….

A

epineurium; endoneurial tissue

68
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

A

Ganglion

69
Q

Each cell body is enclosed by a single layer of …

A

flattened satellite cells

70
Q

Satellite cells are homologous to and continuous with

A

Schwann cells which invest axons

71
Q

Immediately superficial to the satellite cell layer are …

A

fine collage fibers & fibroblasts

72
Q

Fine collagen fibers & fibroblasts are continuous distally with …

A

the endoneurium of associated nerve fibers

73
Q

The ganglion is encapsulated by …, which is continuous distally with the … of the associated nerve

A

moderately dense CT; Epineurium

74
Q

Where is the sensory or dorsal root ganglia found?

A

roots of spinal & cranial nerves

75
Q

where are the nuclei of sensory ganglia located?

A

centrally

76
Q

What type of neurons are sensory ganglia composed of?

A

unipolar

77
Q

Sensory ganglia have abundant … cells

A

satellite cells

78
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia found?

A

in the walls of organs

79
Q

Autonomic ganglia nuclei are …

A

eccentric nuclei

80
Q

What type of neurons are autonomic ganglia?

A

multipolar neurons

81
Q

What is in the soma of autonomic ganglia?

A

Lipofuscin pigment

Histology (8 decks)

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