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Histology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system develops from the …

A

evagination of the foregut

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2
Q

What is the epithelium lining the conducting portions “respiratory epithelium” of the respiratory system?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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3
Q

What is the epithelium lining the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

combo of simple cuboidal and squamous epithelium

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4
Q

The intrapulmonary parts of the respiratory system are held open by …

A

negative pressure

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5
Q

Axons of olfactory cells pass through the … to innervate the olfactory bulb.

A

cribiform plate

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6
Q

The nasal cavities communicate with the pharynx via the …

A

choanae

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7
Q

what cells, with small microvilli are thought to transmit sensory signals via the trigeminal nerve (may initiate sneeze reflex)

A

Brush cells

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8
Q

Stem cells that can replace the other cell types

A

basal cells

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9
Q

Particles are entrapped by the secretions of goblet cells in the …

A

epithelium

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10
Q

Particles are entrapped by mixed mucus/serus glands in the …

A

lamina proper

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11
Q

A dark line at the surface of respiratory epithelium results from the alignment of the …

A

basal bodies

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12
Q

Adjacent cells are attached via …

A

zonula occludes and macula adherens

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13
Q

In the cell apex are the U-shaped basal bodies that serve as the source of, and anchoring sites for …

A

cilia

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14
Q

The secretions of the mixed glands and the goblet cells form a … on the top of the epithelial surface; components of which form a “mucociliary escalator”

A

biphase layer

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15
Q

What epithelium is also a pseudostratified columnar epithelium but is distinct from the respiratory epithelium in that it contains no goblet cells?

A

olfactory epithelium

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16
Q

Bipolar neurons that innervate the olfactory bulb of the brain

A

olfactory cells

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17
Q

Olfactory cells have modified cilia that express receptors for …

A

various odorants

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18
Q

olfactory cells (bipolar neurons) are surrounded by … that provide mechanical and metabolic support.

A

sustentacular cells

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19
Q

The lamina propria contains … that produce serous secretions that flush the epithelium so olfactory stimuli are washed away. This ensures that no new odors can be detected.

A

Bowman’s glands

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20
Q

When an AP is generated and travels in the olfactory nerves, through the cribriform plate, and innervates the olfactory bulb. There the nerves synapse in a complicated structure known as the …

A

olfactory glomerulus

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21
Q

Within the olfactory glomerulus the odor signal is transferred to the … which send axons to other regions of the brain.

A

mitral cells

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22
Q

Epithelium of the nasopharynx is similar to what?

A

respiratory - pseudostratified columnar

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23
Q

What is the epithelium of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous

24
Q

What glands of the lamina propria are in the nasopharynx?

A

seromucus glands

25
Q

What glands of the lamina propria are in the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

muscus glands

26
Q

Epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the … during swallowing

A

larynx

27
Q

What two cartilages surround the larynx?

A

thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

28
Q

true vocal cords

A

vocal folds

29
Q

fasle vocal cords

A

ventricular folds

30
Q

Space between the vocal folds and ventricular folds?

A

ventricle

31
Q

Above the ventricular folds is the …

A

vestibule

32
Q

the … as well as the nasal cavity contributes to resonance.

A

vestibule

33
Q

Trachea epithelium is …

A

“respiratory epithelium” - pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

34
Q

The submucosa of the trachea contains what kind of glands?

A

mixed serous mucus glands

35
Q

In the trachea mucus acini can contain … that help move mucus from the gland

A

serus demilunes

36
Q

The C-shaped cartilage of the trachea is joined by the …, this allows flexibility at the junction with the esophagus which is bound by it as well.

A

trachealis muscle

37
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi induces …

A

folding of the mucosa

38
Q

The pulmonary arteries have a thin …, much like that of a vein.

A

tunica media

39
Q

Bronchioles are similar to bronchi except they have no … and no …, and only the largest bronchioles have …

A

No glands and no cartilage; goblet cells

40
Q

The smallest conducting bronchiole

A

terminal bronchiole

41
Q

terminal bronchiole leads to … which are passageways to alveoli

A

respiratory bronchioles

42
Q

Divide and differentiate to form both ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells

A

Clara cells

43
Q

What 2 things to Clara cells secrete?

A

lipoprotein and Clara cell protein (CC16)

44
Q

Useful marker of lung damage (decreased levels in lung due to … damage, increased levels in blood due to leakage across blood-air barrier).

A

Clara cell protein; Clara cell damage

45
Q

Clara cells show basal … and apical …

A

rER; secretory granules

46
Q

Clara cells also have … in their apex. This is important in detoxifying inhaled substances.

A

sER

47
Q

Endothelial cells of lung capillaries produce …, which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.

A

Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE)

48
Q

Type II pneumocytes contain …

A

lamella bodies

49
Q

Hyperplasia of Type II cells is a marker of

A

alveolar injury

50
Q

accounts for most surface-tension reducing properties

A

DPPC

51
Q

Surfactant synthesis is modulated at 35 weeks of gestation by (4 things)

A

cortisol, insulin, prolactin, thyroxine

52
Q

Respiratory system changes due to smoking: basement membrane of trachea becomes …

A

thicker

53
Q

Respiratory system changes due to smoking: what affect does it have on goblet cells?

A

increase the number and they produce more muscus

54
Q

Respiratory system changes due to smoking: on cilia

A

lose synchronous beating pattern; ciliated cells lose cilia; both impairing muscus removal

55
Q

Respiratory system changes due to smoking: loss of olfactory neurons causes …

A

decreased ability to detect odors

56
Q

Respiratory system changes due to smoking: ciliated cells replaced with …

A

stratified squamous cells

Histology (8 decks)

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