Urinary system

Question 1

The removal of ______ by the kidneys is essential in the maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Answer 1

fluid and waste

Question 2

the kidney is an encapsulated, lobulated, retroperitoneal structure located on the

Answer 2

posterior abdominal wall

Question 3

The outer cortex contains the ______, (the glomerulus, Bowman’ s capsule) and _______.

Answer 3

renal corpuscles; convoluted tubules

Question 4

Each collecting duct and the nephrons it drains make up a ______.

Answer 4

renal lobule

Question 5

The medulla and medullary rays contain the

Answer 5

straight tubules and loop of Henle and collecting duct

Question 6

There are about 2,000,000 nephrons in the adult kidney. The nephron begins at the corpuscle where urine is initially filtered. The urine passes to the _____ to the proximal straight tubule then the thin segment of the _______ followed by the distal straight tubule, the distal convoluted tubule and onto the collecting tubule.

Answer 6

proximal convoluted tubule; loop of Henle

Question 7

The kidney contains cortical nephrons, where the glomerulus is high in the cortex. These have ____ of Henle. And juxtamedullary nephrons, where the glomerulus is ______. These posses _____. A third type are the intermediate nephrons (with intermediate length loops).

Answer 7

short loops; close to the medulla; long loops

Question 8

The filtration begins at the ______ and located in the cortex. Exchange also occurs in the medulla where the ______ is set up

Answer 8

glomerulus; counter current exchange system

Question 9

The _______ changes as urine passes through the post glomerular tubular system to the papillary ducts into the minor calyx

Answer 9

epithelium

Question 10

The renal corpuscle contains the _____ (important in phagocytosis of excess basement membrane). Associated with this is also the afferent and efferent arterioles. The juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa in the distal tubule.

Answer 10

glomerulus, visceral and parietal Bowman’s capsule and mesangial cells

Question 11

The podocytes posses _____ between the processes are

Answer 11

foot processes (pedicels); filtration slits with a membrane

Question 12

The filtration apparatus of the corpuscle is made up of

Answer 12

1) the endothelium of the capillaries, 2) glomerular basement membrane and 3) visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule made up of podocytes

Question 13

The slit membrane is a _______.

The _______ is composed of collagen iv, laminin, fibronectin, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans.

Answer 13

semipermiable membrane; basement membrane

Question 14

The layers of the basement membrane are the:

Answer 14

Lamina rara interna, rich in polyanions such as heparan sulfate, to block passage of charged (negative) molecules
Lamina rara externa, similar structure to the interna
Lamina densa, rich in collagen iv acts as a physical barrier

Question 15

THE ____ BLOCKS PASSAGE OF PROTEINS LARGER THAN 70kd AND THE ____ BLOCK MOLECULES OF SMALLER SIZE

Answer 15

GBM; ANIONS

Question 16

The slit membrane blocks _______.

The fenestrated capillary endothelium blocks passage of _______.

Answer 16

bulk diffusion; cellular elements

Question 17

After components pass through the filtration apparatus they enter Bowman’s space as ______. Ions, molecules and water pass through the epithelium of the various types of tubules to ___.

Answer 17

primary filtrate; concentrate the urine

Question 18

Many of the pathological conditions involving the kidney occur at the level of the ______. These include alterations in the basement membrane (Goodpasture’s syndrome, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis) or fusion of the foot processes (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) as well as other disease states (lupus nephritis)

Answer 18

filtration apparatus

Question 19

The renal corpuscle also contains mesangeal cells. The mesangeal cells are contained within the ______.

Answer 19

basement membrane of the endothelial cells

Question 20

The functions of mesangeal cells include:

Answer 20

phagocytosis of the proteins in the gbm, structural support and synthesis of growth factors and interluekins

Question 21

The jg apparatus is made up of the

Answer 21

jg cells, the macula densa and some mesangeal cells.

Question 22

The macula densa is contained within the ________ as it passes the vascular pole. The function of these cells along with the jg cells in the afferent arteriole is to help

Answer 22

distal tubule; maintain homeostasis

Question 23

Jg cells contain ____ which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. Which is converted, in the lung to ______. This hormone stimulates the release of _______ from the zona glomerulosa.

Answer 23

renin; angiotensin 2; aldosterone

Question 24

Aldosterone acts on the collecting ducts to increase

Answer 24

resorption of na+ and water to increase blood volume

Question 25

Angiotensin 2 is also a

Answer 25

vasoconstrictor

Question 26

The proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for absorption of

Answer 26

70-80% of the initial filtrate

Question 27

The specializations of the proximal convoluted tubule cells include
These cells absorb amino acids, proteins, sodium, sugars and polypeptides.

Answer 27

apical microvilli (brush border), tight junctions, and basal striations which contain mitochondria.

Question 28

The proximal straight tubule leads into

Answer 28

the thin loop of Henle

Question 29

The thin descending limb is permeable to ________ while the ascending loop is impermeable to ______
The majority of the epithelium of this structure is

Answer 29

salt and water; water; simple squamous

Question 30

The loop of henle with the associated vasa recti forms the

Answer 30

countercurrent exchange system of the kidney

Question 31

The collecting ducts and tubules are made up of cells with distinct cell borders.

Answer 31

1) light cells with basal folds with mitochondria these cells posses gated anti-diuretic hormone (adh) regulated channels (majority)
2) dark cells with numerous vesicles (few)

Question 32

Transitional epithelium lines _____. This epithelium is impermeable to .

Answer 32

the minor and major calyces, the ureter and the urinary bladder; water and ions

Question 33

Plaques in the Transitional epithelium cells contain ____ which may help prevent over extension of the cells
The plasma membrane is developed to protect the underlying cells from damage due to the contents within system.

Answer 33

actin

Question 34

URETER 3 muscle layers

Answer 34

(the inner and outer longitudinal and a middle circular .)

Question 35

transitional epithelium is a stratified epithelium with _____ cells. This epithelium is capable of considerable _______.

Answer 35

umbrella; distention