Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location of the kidneys?

A

lie against the posterior abdominal wall in a retroperitoneal position.

They extend from T12-L3 and are protected by the ribcage

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2
Q

Why is the right kidney lower?

A

pushed down due to the liver

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3
Q

What surrounds each kidney?

A

firbrous renal capsule which holds them in place against the dorsal body wall.

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4
Q

Purpose of the kidneys?

A

excrete nitrogen waste, maintain water, electrolyte and PH balance of blood.

cleanse blood and adjust its composition

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5
Q

What 3 regions are visible in the frontal section of the kidney?

A

renal pelvis, medulla, cortex

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6
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

granular appearance and light in color

outer region of kidney

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7
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

has cone shaped masses called renal pyramids

brown in color

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8
Q

what is renal pelvis?

A

continuous with ureters and collects urine

branches into calyces

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9
Q

What is a calyce?

A

Collects urine which flows to the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder

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10
Q

Which parts contain smooth muscle?

A

wall of calyce, pelvis and ureter

contract rhythmically to push urine to bladder

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11
Q

Where does blood enter the kidneys?

A

renal arteries

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12
Q

Composition of blood in renal veins is ________, while that of urine is _______

A

most constant, most variable

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13
Q

Where is most blood that enters the kidney directed to?

A

cortex where the nephrons are located

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14
Q

Each nephron consists of what?

A

a glomerulus

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15
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

contains capillaries associated with renal tubule

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16
Q

The end of the renal tubule is known as what?

A

glomerular capsule (bowman’s capsule)

17
Q

What do efferent arterioles do?

A

move blood away from glomerulus

18
Q

What do afferent arterioles do?

A

move blood to glomerulus

19
Q

What is special about the glomerulus endothelium?

A

has pores which allow small substances to pass from blind into the glomerular capsule EXCEPT blood cells and plasma protein

20
Q

Glomerulus does what?

A

filters out all material from urine especially blood and protein

21
Q

Having RBC or protein in urine is an indication of what?

A

the glomerulus is not functioning

22
Q

The proximal and distal convoluted tubules are made of what type of tissue?

A

cuboidal epithelium lined with microvilli.

this increases the surface area for processing the filtrate.

23
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

120ml/min

decreases with age
increases with body size

24
Q

Excretion formula?

A

excretion= filtration-reabsorption +secretion

25
What electrolytes are reabsorbed by active transport?
water, sodium, potassium (most excreted), chlorine | glucose (100%), amino acids (100%) [except in diabetes mellitus]
26
What is usually secreted?
urea and uric acid
27
What causes diabetes insipidus?
lack of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from posterior pituitary for water retention
28
what is diabetes mellitus?
high blood sugar levels
29
What does ADH do?
prevents excess water loss
30
What should urine look like?
clear or light coloured
31
What causes urochrome pigment in urine?
hemoglobin breakdown which gives it a yellow color
32
Purpose of nephrons?
forms urine