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Human Body for Nursing > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)?

A

continuous open-ended hollow muscular tube tat extends from the laryngeal pharynx to the anus (terminal)

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2
Q

What are the digestive accessory organs?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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3
Q

Path of digestive system?

A

Oral cavity➡️oral pharynx➡️laryngo-pharynx➡️esophagus➡️stomach➡️small intestines (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) ➡️large intestines (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon) ➡️rectum ➡️anus (<30 feet long altogether).

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4
Q

4 functions of the digestive system?

A

Motility
secretion
digestion
absorption

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5
Q

What is motility?

A

food is mixed with digestive juices through smooth muscle contractions and moved down.

contractions are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic signals (NS)

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6
Q

What is secretion?

A

release of mucus, enzymes and other digestive secretions (H+ and HC03-)

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7
Q

What is digestion?

A

breakdown of large molecules (proteins, starches) into small ones (amino acids, glucose)

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8
Q

What is absorption?

A

nutrients crossing into vessels and lymph (into internal environment)

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9
Q

What are the four main layers of tissue throughout the GI tract?

A

serosa
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa

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10
Q

What is serosa?

A

external wrapping of GI tract (connective tissue and lubricates)

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11
Q

What is muscularis?

A

smooth muscle layers for mobility

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12
Q

What is submucosa?

A

has glands, autonomic nerves and blood vessels

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13
Q

What is mucosa?

A

inner lining made of simple columnar epithelium (in contact with lumen)

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14
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

in the mouth with chewing

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15
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

secrete mucus in the oral cavity that moistens and lubricates food before swallowing

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16
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

amylase (breaks down starch) and lysosyme (anti-microbial enzyme)

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17
Q

Purpose of stomach?

A

secretes HCl. when this mixes with food, it forms gastric chyme.

Pepsin in released into stomach

hollow bag which stores contents of meal.

(produces acid + pepsin)

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18
Q

What happens in small intestine?

A

motility of small intestine mixes the chyme and moves it towards the colon

digestion and absorption of nutrients

pancreas and liver ass their digestive secretions to the duodenum

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19
Q

What does the large intestine (colon) do?

A

reabsorb water and minerals before excretion

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20
Q

What are the accessory glands?

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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21
Q

What part of the small intestine receives pancreatic juices and bile from the liver?

A

duodenum

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22
Q

What is cystic fribosis?

A

pancreatic duct gest blocked, no more lipase (enzyme digest lipids).

high risk of vitamin A, D, E, K deficiencies

common in caucasians

23
Q

What is the only digestive muscle in the thoracic cavity?

A

esophagus

24
Q

What makes up the large intestine?

A

duodenum+jejunum+ileum

25
Q

Where is almost all of the digestive system locates?

A

abdominal cavity

26
Q

Exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

secretes digestive enzymes in the duodenum

amylase, protease, lipase, nuclease

27
Q

What does the liver do?

A

produces bile

breakdown products from hemoglobin

28
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

molecule in bile. Too much causes jaundice

29
Q

What does bile do?

A

emulsifies fat

30
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

digest protein

31
Q

What do the special cells in the stomach do?

A

produce intrinsic factor which bind to vitamin B12 and allows absorption in body

32
Q

Lack of B12 causes what?

A

pernicious anemia

33
Q

Vitamin A?

A

night vision

34
Q

Vitamin B12?

A

synthesis of RBC

35
Q

Vitamin D?

A

bones

36
Q

Vitamin E?

A

antioxidants

37
Q

Vitamin K?

A

blood coagulation

38
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

dry out food by absorbing water and eliminate the residue through feces

caecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal

39
Q

What is digestion in duodenum?

A

Chemical hydrolysis of polymers to monomers

40
Q

What is secretion?

A

Release of various digestive juices from the lumen of the GI

41
Q

What is absorption in jejumen?

A

Nutrients moving from GI lumen to blood vessels

42
Q

What is excretion (extrection)

A

Minor components which are undigestible

43
Q

Functions of the stomach?

A

Production of HCl

Synthesis of intrinsic factor (binds to vit. B12 [red cell synthesis] and allows absorption in ileum

Production of protease enzyme (pepsinogen which becomes pepsin when in contact with HCl and is then activated

44
Q

Is there absorption in the stomach?

A

Little to none

45
Q

Where does chemical digestion of starch start?

A

Mouth

46
Q

Parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

47
Q

Function of the small intestine?

A

Longest stretch of the GI tract

Most active organ in digestion and absorption

Release internal signals (local hormones) to regulate the organs in close proximity

48
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A

Receives digestive juices from accessory glands (liver, pancreas, gallbladder)

49
Q

Function of pancreas?

A

Releases various enzymes (bicarbonate ion, neutralize HCl)

50
Q

What does bile do?

A

Emulsifies fat

Product of bilirubin from hemoglobin

Contains bicarbonate (HCo)

51
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Concentrates bike and removed water out of bile

52
Q

What hormones are produced by the duodenum?

A

GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide): slows down the rate of gastric emptying. Travels through blood vessels

CCK (cholecystokinin): stimulates pancreas, liver and gallbladder. Travels through blood vessels

53
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorbs remaining water trough osmosis by absorbing Na+ and Cl- (absorbs water and salt)

Has 4 distinct segments

54
Q

What are the segments of the large intestine?

A 
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon (feces)
Sigmoid colon (leads to rectum)
Rectum

Human Body for Nursing (10 decks)

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