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Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)?

A

continuous open-ended hollow muscular tube tat extends from the laryngeal pharynx to the anus (terminal)

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2
Q

What are the digestive accessory organs?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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3
Q

Path of digestive system?

A

Oral cavity➡️oral pharynx➡️laryngo-pharynx➡️esophagus➡️stomach➡️small intestines (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) ➡️large intestines (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon) ➡️rectum ➡️anus (<30 feet long altogether).

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4
Q

4 functions of the digestive system?

A

Motility
secretion
digestion
absorption

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5
Q

What is motility?

A

food is mixed with digestive juices through smooth muscle contractions and moved down.

contractions are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic signals (NS)

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6
Q

What is secretion?

A

release of mucus, enzymes and other digestive secretions (H+ and HC03-)

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7
Q

What is digestion?

A

breakdown of large molecules (proteins, starches) into small ones (amino acids, glucose)

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8
Q

What is absorption?

A

nutrients crossing into vessels and lymph (into internal environment)

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9
Q

What are the four main layers of tissue throughout the GI tract?

A

serosa
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa

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10
Q

What is serosa?

A

external wrapping of GI tract (connective tissue and lubricates)

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11
Q

What is muscularis?

A

smooth muscle layers for mobility

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12
Q

What is submucosa?

A

has glands, autonomic nerves and blood vessels

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13
Q

What is mucosa?

A

inner lining made of simple columnar epithelium (in contact with lumen)

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14
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

in the mouth with chewing

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15
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

secrete mucus in the oral cavity that moistens and lubricates food before swallowing

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16
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

amylase (breaks down starch) and lysosyme (anti-microbial enzyme)

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17
Q

Purpose of stomach?

A

secretes HCl. when this mixes with food, it forms gastric chyme.

Pepsin in released into stomach

hollow bag which stores contents of meal.

(produces acid + pepsin)

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18
Q

What happens in small intestine?

A

motility of small intestine mixes the chyme and moves it towards the colon

digestion and absorption of nutrients

pancreas and liver ass their digestive secretions to the duodenum

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19
Q

What does the large intestine (colon) do?

A

reabsorb water and minerals before excretion

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20
Q

What are the accessory glands?

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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21
Q

What part of the small intestine receives pancreatic juices and bile from the liver?

A

duodenum

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22
Q

What is cystic fribosis?

A

pancreatic duct gest blocked, no more lipase (enzyme digest lipids).

high risk of vitamin A, D, E, K deficiencies

common in caucasians

23
Q

What is the only digestive muscle in the thoracic cavity?

24
Q

What makes up the large intestine?

A

duodenum+jejunum+ileum

25
Where is almost all of the digestive system locates?
abdominal cavity
26
Exocrine function of the pancreas?
secretes digestive enzymes in the duodenum | amylase, protease, lipase, nuclease
27
What does the liver do?
produces bile | breakdown products from hemoglobin
28
What is bilirubin?
molecule in bile. Too much causes jaundice
29
What does bile do?
emulsifies fat
30
What does pepsin do?
digest protein
31
What do the special cells in the stomach do?
produce intrinsic factor which bind to vitamin B12 and allows absorption in body
32
Lack of B12 causes what?
pernicious anemia
33
Vitamin A?
night vision
34
Vitamin B12?
synthesis of RBC
35
Vitamin D?
bones
36
Vitamin E?
antioxidants
37
Vitamin K?
blood coagulation
38
What does the large intestine do?
dry out food by absorbing water and eliminate the residue through feces caecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal
39
What is digestion in duodenum?
Chemical hydrolysis of polymers to monomers
40
What is secretion?
Release of various digestive juices from the lumen of the GI
41
What is absorption in jejumen?
Nutrients moving from GI lumen to blood vessels
42
What is excretion (extrection)
Minor components which are undigestible
43
Functions of the stomach?
Production of HCl Synthesis of intrinsic factor (binds to vit. B12 [red cell synthesis] and allows absorption in ileum Production of protease enzyme (pepsinogen which becomes pepsin when in contact with HCl and is then activated
44
Is there absorption in the stomach?
Little to none
45
Where does chemical digestion of starch start?
Mouth
46
Parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
47
Function of the small intestine?
Longest stretch of the GI tract Most active organ in digestion and absorption Release internal signals (local hormones) to regulate the organs in close proximity
48
What does the duodenum do?
Receives digestive juices from accessory glands (liver, pancreas, gallbladder)
49
Function of pancreas?
Releases various enzymes (bicarbonate ion, neutralize HCl)
50
What does bile do?
Emulsifies fat Product of bilirubin from hemoglobin Contains bicarbonate (HCo)
51
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Concentrates bike and removed water out of bile
52
What hormones are produced by the duodenum?
GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide): slows down the rate of gastric emptying. Travels through blood vessels CCK (cholecystokinin): stimulates pancreas, liver and gallbladder. Travels through blood vessels
53
What is the function of the large intestine?
Reabsorbs remaining water trough osmosis by absorbing Na+ and Cl- (absorbs water and salt) Has 4 distinct segments
54
What are the segments of the large intestine?
``` Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon (feces) Sigmoid colon (leads to rectum) Rectum ```

Human Body for Nursing (10 decks)

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