Endocrine System Flashcards
What are the two categories of hormones
Protein (water soluble and amino acid based) ex: insulin, glucagon, T3/T4, LH,FSH,GH,oxytocin
Steroid (water insoluble) ex: estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone
What is endocrine
Internal glands of the body that secrete products in the bloodstream
What cells do hormones affect
Their target cells only because they have receptors for that hormone
Pituitary gland
Master gland, below hypothalamus and is controlled by hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland
Releases:
GH (bones + muscles) tropic
LH,FSH (reproductive system development) tropic
PRL (mammary gland)
TSH tropic
Posterior pituitary gland
Releases:
Oxytocin (contraction of uterus/mammary glands)
ADH (kidneys-promotes water retention)
ACTH (adrenal gland-cortisol)
What does tropic hormone mean
Targets abut her gland
Pineal gland
Produces melatonin which controls wake/sleep cycle
In cranium
Thyroid gland
Produced T3/T4
Main metabolic hormone
Controls basal metabolic rate, HR, mental alertness
Important in ⬆️ nervous system in children
Parathyroid gland
Release calcium in blood
4-6 tiny glandular masses that sit on dorsal side of thyroid
Thymus gland
Produces thymosin, stimulated lymph nodes to produce mature lymphocytes
Located in neck and around ❤️
Pancreas (endocrine)
Produces insulin or glucagon that targets liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, controls blood sugar levels
How is glucose stored
As glycogen, which is a polysaccharide
Adrenal gland-medulla gland
Secretes epinephrine in bloodstream to enhance fight-flight response
Adrenal cortex gland
Secretes steroids
Corticosteroids: enhance efficiency of glucose for use in ATP. Cortisol=long term stress adaptation
Aldosterone: targets kidney tubules to Reabsorbs Na
Gonado-steroids: m/f sex hormones, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
What are gonads
Testes/ovaries
What does normal development of the tire productive organs require?
LH+FSH from pituitary
What controls the pituitary
Nervous system (hypothalamus)
Hypothalamus ➡️ TRH ➡️ pituitary TSH ➡️ thyroid ➡️ T3/T4
.
Hypothalamus ➡️ CRH ➡️ pituitary ACTH ➡️ adrenal gland ➡️ Cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormone
.
Hypothalamus?
Secretes hormones + controls pituitary
Oxytocin+ADH (⬇️ urine output)
Thyroid gland
T3/T4 released.
Controls rate at which glucose is converted to body heat/chemical energy
Produces calcitonin which decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in the bones
Parathyroid gland
Secretes PTH
Regulates calcium in blood
When levels are too low, osteoclasts breakdown bone matrix and release calcium in blood
What is the endocrine system?
slow-acting control system
uses chemical messengers called hormones
controlled growth, development, cellular metabolism, energy balance, water balance, electrolyte balance
what are the bases for hormones
amino-acid (peptide and protein) or steroids
what are local hormones?
prostaglandins (involved in inflammation reactions)
Tropic hormones?
GH, LH, FSH, tsh
