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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS control?

A

spinal cord + brain

Integration; command center
• Interpret incoming sensory information
• Issues outgoing instructions

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2
Q

What does the PNS control?

A

everything else

Serve as communication lines among:
- sensory organs,
- brain and spinal cord, 
- glands
- muscles

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3
Q

What is functional output?

A

sensory input vs motor output

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4
Q

subdivisions of nervous system?

A

anatomically + physiologically

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5
Q

What is part of the anatomical nervous system?

A

CNS, PNS

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6
Q

what is part of the physiological system?

A

sensory (afferent) vs motor (afferent)

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7
Q

What causes MS?

A

voluntary/somatic disorders

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8
Q

Parts of the glia cell?

A

astrocyte
ependymal cell
microglia
oligodendrocytes (CNS)/schwann cells (PNS)

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9
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

from blood brain barrier (BBB) + filter out toxins from blood

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10
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

form CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

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11
Q

what do microglia do?

A

phagocytosis for bacteria

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12
Q

what do oligodendrocytes/schwann cells do?

A

from myelin sheath (white matter) that surrounds and insulates neurone and allow them to conduct impulses at a faster rate

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13
Q

What does nervous tissue contain?

A

neurons

neuroglia

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14
Q

what do neurons do?

A

conduct electrical impulses (do not divide in adult life)

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15
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

support, protect and insulate nerve cells (continue to divide throughout adult life)

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16
Q

What does the axon do?

A

moves impulses away from the cell

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17
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

move impulses to nerve cell (receptive)

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18
Q

How is a nerve impulse delivered?

A
  1. dendrite receives message
  2. nerve impulse moves down
  3. axon terminal receives impulse and sends message to next nerve cell in line
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19
Q

path of nerve impulse?

A

dendrite -> cell body -> axon -> terminal

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20
Q

what is the gap between two nerve cells called?

A

synapse

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21
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

subdivision of the ANS is fight-flight (releases epinephrine, adrenaline)

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22
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

rest and digest (releases acetylcholine ACH)

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23
Q

functional organization?

A

only PNS

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24
Q

structural organization?

A

CNS + PNS

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25
forebrain (L/R cerebral hemispheres)
include frontal,parietal,occipital,temporal lobes includes cerebral cortex and is responsible for: ``` motor skills perception thinking memory speech ```
26
diencephalon includes?
thalamus + hypothalamus and epithalamus thamalus: relay station for sensory input hypothalamus: regulates autonomic functions (body temp, water balance, metabolism, appetite, sex drive/libido)
27
brain stem includes?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
28
thamalus
relay station for sensory input
29
hypothalamus
regulates autonomic functions (body temp, water balance, metabolism, appetite, sex drive/libido)
30
midbrain
reflex center for vision/hearing
31
pons
controls breathing
32
medulla
regulates vital visceral activity (HR, BP, breathing, swallowing, sneezing)
33
cerebellum
control of motor skills + balance
34
What surrounds the CNS?
CSF
35
Characteristics of CSF
similar to plasma, less protein, rich in ascorbic acid, different Na and K ions.
36
if RBC present in CSF what does that mean?
can indicate meningitis, tumours, ms
37
What is the BBB
blood brain barrier maintains constant environment in the brain only allows water, amino acids and sugar to pass through
38
cranial nerves
12 pairs for head + neck described by name, number, course and function include sensory + motor function ex: optic nerve
39
spinal nerves
31 pairs, each nerve divides into dorsal + ventral ramifications
40
what controls the sleep/wake cycle
reticular formation
41
what does the sympathetic nervous system thoracic-lumbar subdivision release?
epinephrine (speeds up system)
42
what does the parasympathetic nervous system cranial-sacral subdivision release?
ACH on effectors (slows down system)
43
characteristics of sympathetic nervous system?
increase HR, BP, glucose in blood, dilates arrays, reduces blood to digestive, decrease salivation, dilates pupils, sweating, increases metabolic rate and fat breakdown, increases blood to muscles, far vision
44
characteristics of parasympathetic nervous system?
increases activity in digestive tract, constricts airways, salivation, near vision, decreases HR, BP
45
three main functions of nervous system?
sensory, integrative, motor
46
sensory functions?
detect different types of stimuli, both within body and outside body. Sensory (or afferent) neurons carry sensory information (from receptor) to brain and spinal cord.
47
The nervous system is responsible for all our?
– behaviors, – memories, – movements
48
Integrative function?
Nervous system integrates (processes) | sensory info and makes decisions for appropriate responses. Many interneurons are involved in this function.
49
Motor functions?
Involves responding to integrative decisions. Motor neurons (or efferent) carry info from brain and spinal cord to other nerves or effector organs. 
50
Sensory (afferent) division?
– Nerve fibers that carry information to the central | nervous system
51
• Motor (efferent) division? 
– Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system Two subdivisions • Somatic nervous system = voluntary – Consciously controls skeletal muscles • Autonomic nervous system = involuntary – Automatically controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands – Further divided into the sympathetic (stress: fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest & digest) nervous systems 
52
neuroglia functions (CNS)?
- Support – Insulate – Protect neurons
53
Astrocytes functions (CNS)?
– Abundant,star-shapedcells – Controlthechemicalenvironment -Formbarrierbetweencapillaries and neurons of the brain – Stabilize/brace neurons
54
most abundant and versatile neuroglia?
Astrocytes
55
Microglia functions (CNS)?
– Spiderlike phagocytes – Dispose of debris -defend CNS cells
56
Ependymal cells functions (CNS)?
– Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord – Cilia assist with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (formed by choroid plexus = spongy blood vessels in ventricles of brain)
57
Oligodendrocytes functions (CNS)?
– Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system – Produce myelin sheaths (similar to Schwann cells in PNS)
58
Satellite cells functions (PNS)?
– Protect neuron cell bodies (similar to astrocytes of CNS)
59
Schwann cells functions (PNS)?
– Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system
60
Neurons = nerve cells?
– Cells specialized to transmit messages | – Major regions of neurons
61
Cell body (aka Soma)?
—nucleus and metabolic center of the cell • Processes (ex. dendrites) —fibers that extend from the cell body
62
Cell body?
``` – Nissl bodies/substance • Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum • Site of protein synthesis Neurofibrils • Intermediate cytoskeleton • Maintains cell shape – Nucleus with large nucleolus  ```
63
Dendrites?
—conduct impulses toward the cell body • Neurons may have hundreds of dendrites
64
Axons?
—conduct impulses away from the cell body • Neurons have only one axon arising from the cell body at the axon hillock – End in axon terminals (aka terminal buttons) – Axon terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters – Axon terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap 
65
Synaptic cleft?
—gap between adjacent neurons
66
Synapse?
—junction between nerves | – ex. one nerve synapses with the other, neurotransmitters are transmitted across the synaptic cleft
67
Myelin sheath?
—whitish, fatty material covering axons
68
Schwann cells?
— produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll- like fashion around axons (PNS)
69
Nodes of Ranvier?
—gaps in myelin sheath along the axon – Oligodendrocytes —produce myelin sheaths around axons of the CNS
70
Sensory(afferent)neurons?
– Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS • Cutaneous(skin)senseorgans • Proprioceptors—detect stretch or tension
71
Motor(efferent)neurons?
– Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera, | muscles, or glands
72
Interneurons (association neurons)?
– Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system – Connect sensory and motor neurons
73
All neurons exhibit?
(i) Irritability – Ability to respond to stimuli (ii) Conductivity – Ability to transmit an impulse (aka action potential)

Human Body for Nursing (10 decks)

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