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DEN1DSA > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is X?

A

Kidney

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2
Q

What is X?

A

Ureter

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3
Q

What is X?

A

Urethra

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4
Q

What is X?

A

Renal artery

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5
Q

what are the main functions of the urinary system

A

filter out waste, toxins and excess water from the blood, and excrete it through urine

regulate fluid balance and electrolytes (BP)

regulate pH (homeostasis)

produce vit D

stimulate RBC production

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6
Q

what is A and what is its function?

A

renal artery- to transport oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the kidney

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7
Q

what is B and what is its function?

A

renal vein- to transport deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the heart

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8
Q

what is D and what is its function?

A

renal pelvis- stores urine before sending it to the bladder via the ureter

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9
Q

what is E and what is its function?

A

medulla- regulates concentration of urine

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10
Q

what is F and what is its function?

A

cortex- outer layer that protects medulla and renal pelvis

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11
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

To store urine

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12
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

to regulate blood volume

to filter blood by removing pathogens

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13
Q

What is X?

A

Bladder

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14
Q

structure and function of a nephron

A

S= microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney

F= filter blood and reabsorb substances into the blood based on need

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15
Q

What is A and what is its function?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

selective reabsorption of substances (water, glucose, amino acids, salts) from the glomerular filtrate back into the blood, based on need (then descending loop of henle absorbs water and ascending absorbs salts to regulate BP)
NB can be passive or active depending on conc grad

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16
Q

What is B and what is its function?

A

afferent arteriole

to deliver blood to the glomerulus for filtration

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17
Q

What is C and what is its function?

A

glomerulus

glomerular filtration- high pressure pushes small molecules (e.g. water, salts, amino acids) through the semi-permeable capillary walls and the Bowman’s capsule into the proximal convoluted tubule. Large substances e.g. blood cells and platelets should not pass through the capillary walls.

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18
Q

What is D and what is its function?

A

efferent arteriole

to transport filtered blood from the glomerulus back to general circulation (RBC and platelets remain in the blood)

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19
Q

What is E and what is its function?

A

Bowman’s capsule

receives the glomerular filtrate e.g. H2O, NaCl, amino acids, which passes through to the proximal convoluted tubule, NOT blood cells and platelets

20
Q

What is F and what is its function?

A

distal convoluted tubule

eliminate excess unwanted substances not already in filtrate e.g. K+, drugs, H+ ions (pH regulation), to form urine which is sent to the collecting duct

21
Q

What is G and what is its function?

A

collecting duct

to collect urine from the nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis

22
Q

What is H and what is its function?

A

descending loop of Henle

to reabsorb water to regulate blood volume and hence BP (this occurs first since water is more important than salt)

23
Q

What is I and what is its function?

A

ascending loop of Henle

to reabsorb salts which attract water to regulate blood volume and hence BP

24
Q

state the 3 steps (in order) of urine formation and where they occur

A

glomerular filtration (glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule)

selective reabsorption (proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle)

tubular secretion (distal convoluted tubule)

25
Q

describe the thirst response

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect insufficient water levels in the body –> thirst centre in hypothalamus stimulates –> increased thirst –> increased water consumption

26
Q

ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)

A

produced by hypothalamus
secreted by pituitary gland
increases membrane permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephron of the kidney
increases water absorption into blood via aquaporins
increases concentration of urine
decreases urine output

27
Q

Aldosterone

A

secreted by adrenal gland
increases reabsorption of salt and therefore water

28
Q

ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide)

A

secreted by atria of the heart in response to high BP
decreases reabsorption of sodium and water

29
Q

glomerular filtration

A

high pressures in the glomerulus pushes small molecules eg.glucose in the blood through the permeable capillary walls of the bowmen’s capsule into the proximal convoluted tubule

30
Q

selective reabsorption

A

occurs in proximal convoluted tubule

selective reabsorption of substances eg. glucose from glomeral filtrate into the blood based on need via PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

31
Q

tubular secretion

A

occurs in distal convoluted tubule

eliminates excess unwanted substances not already in the filtrate to form urine and is sent to the collecting ducts

32
Q

The bladder is able to expand as urine accumulates within it due to the presence of

A

Transitional epithelium

33
Q

3 systems involved in the elimination of wastes + waste products

A

Digestive—> faeces
Urinary —> urine, urea, water
Respiratory—> CO2

34
Q

What is the function of urethra?

A

To transport urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (pathway) excretion

35
Q

What is the function of ureters?

A

To transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder via peristalsis

36
Q

Glomerular capillaries

A

produce filtrate

37
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

reclaim filtrate

38
Q

ACID BASE BALANCE IS CONTROLLED SEQUENTIALLY BY:

A

1) Chemical buffers
2) Respiratory mechanisms
3) Renal mechanisms

39
Q

Three Major Chemical Buffer Systems:

A
  • Protein Buffer System
  • Phosphate Buffer System
  • Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System
40
Q

Protein Buffer System

A
  • Buffers intracellular fluid
  • Largest buffering system.
  • Release or accept H+
41
Q

Phosphate Buffer System

A
  • Buffers intracellular and extracellular fluid.
  • Buffer pH of urine and ICF
  • Phosphate molecules (i.e., DNA)
42
Q

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

A
  • Buffers extracellular fluid.
  • Protect against effects of acids generated during metabolism.
  • Binds or releases hydrogen.
  • IF EXCESS: Bicarbonate (HCO3-) binds with excess H+
  • IF SHORT: Carbonic acid (H2C03) disassociates to form hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
43
Q

Respiratory Regulation

A

A decrease in the CO2 concentration, decreases the H+ Concentration (INCREASES BLOOD PH) –> INCREASES RESPIRATION RATE

An increase in CO2 concentration, increases the H+ Concentration (DECREASES BLOOD PH) –> DECREASES RESPIRATION RATE

44
Q

Renal Regulation

A
  • Kidneys secrete H+
  • Slow
  • Only way to eliminate acids is through urine.
45
Q

Acidosis

A

(Plasma [H+] increases)

the kidneys pump out more H+ and retrieve more bicarbonate.

46
Q

Alkalosis

A

(Plasma [H+] decreases)

the kidneys excrete less H+ ions and retrieve less bicarbonate.

47
Q

RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAS)

A
  1. Renin is produced by juxtaglomerular cells of the nephron in the kidneys in response to =
    - Sympathetic NS is activated.
    - Decrease stretch, due to decreased blood pressure and volume.
  2. Once renin is in the bloodstream, it will cleave angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
  3. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II through the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs
    a. Angiotensin II will do two things . . .
    i. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.
    ii. Increase antidiuretic hormone release by the posterior pituitary gland, this increases thirst, water reabsorption by the kidneys, and an increase in blood volume.
  4. Angiotensin II increases the release of aldosterone by the adrenal glands.
    a. aldosterone will promote sodium reabsorption in the kidneys which, together with the ADH release from the angiotensin II, iresults in an increased water reabsorption

DEN1DSA (16 decks)

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