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DEN1DSA > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is 1?

A

Right atrium

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2
Q

What is the function of the Right atrium?

A

collects deoxygenated blood from body via the vena cava and pumps it to the right ventricle

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3
Q

What is 2?

A

Right ventricle

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4
Q

What is the function of the Right ventricle?

A

collects deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

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5
Q

What is 4?

A

Left ventricle

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6
Q

What is the function of the Left ventricle?

A

collects oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body via the aorta

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7
Q

What is 3?

A

Left atrium

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8
Q

What is the function of the Left atrium?

A

collects oxygenated blood from lungs via the pulmonary vein and pumps it to the left ventricle

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9
Q

What is 5?

A

Pulmonary artery

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10
Q

What is the function of the Pulmonary artery?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

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11
Q

What is 6?

A

Aorta

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12
Q

What is the function of the Aorta?

A

Transports oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body

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13
Q

What is 7?

A

Superior vena cava

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14
Q

What is the function of the Superior vena cava?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium

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15
Q

What is 8?

A

Inferior vena cava

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16
Q

What is the function of the Inferior vena cava?

A

transports deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium

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17
Q

What is 9?

A

Pulmonary vein

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18
Q

What is the function of the Pulmonary vein?

A

transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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19
Q

structure and function of arteries

A

S = small lumen, thick muscular walls
F = transport blood away from the heart to the body

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20
Q

structure and function of arterioles

A

S= branch off arteries, small arteries

F= direct oxygenated blood from arteries into capillaries

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21
Q

structure and function of capillaries

A

S = one cell think, thin walls,
F = to transport nutrients between cardiovascular system and tissues, transport blood from arterioles and venules.

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22
Q

structure and function of venules

A

S= capillaries converge into venules which converge into a vein

F= direct deoxygenated blood from a capillary to a vein

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23
Q

structure and function of veins

A

S= large lumen, floppy walls, have valves
F = to transport blood to the heart from the body

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24
Q

open circulation

A

has a start and end point e.g. lymphatic system

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25
Q

closed circulation

A

continuous circuit e.g. cardiovascular system

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26
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the heart

A

Pericardium: fibrous sac surrounding the heart
Myocardium: cardiac muscle, involuntary and striated, transmits electrical stimuli
Endocardium: lines chambers and valves within the heart

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27
Q

Pathway for deoxygenated blood through the heart

A

deoxygenated blood enters through superior and inferior vena cava > R atrium, tricuspid valve, R ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, to lungs for oxygenation

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28
Q

Pathway for oxygenated blood through the heart

A

oxygenated blood enters through pulmonary veins, L atrium, bicuspid valve, L ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, to body organs/tissues

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29
Q

Which artery pumps blood under the highest pressure

A

Aorta

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30
Q

Which ventricle has a larger wall and why?

A

L ventricular wall is thicker than R b/c needs more pressure from contractions to distribute oxygenated blood around body

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31
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located compared to the aortic valve?

A

anterior

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32
Q

Why do ventricles have thicker walls than the atria?

A

ventricles pump blood out of heart to body whereas atria just receive blood and transport blood to ventricles

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33
Q

function of coronary blood vessels

A

coronary arteries transport oxygenated blood to the heart muscle to supply the heart with nutrients e.g. O2 for contractions

coronary veins transport blood away from the heart muscle to remove waste from contractions e.g CO2

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34
Q

what is the cardiac conduction system and name the 4 components in order

A

electrical signals from nervous system to contract
- SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibres

35
Q

What is A and what is its structure and function?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node
S= collection of specialised pacemaker cells, located in upper wall of R atrium
F= spontaneously generates electrical impulses (depolarisation) which triggers atrial contraction

36
Q

What is B and what is its structure and function?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node
S= collection of specialised pacemaker cells, located on the lower interatrial septum
F= Delays electrical impulses to the ventricles. The delay is to ensure that the atria have ejected all the blood into the ventricles before the ventricles contract.

37
Q

What is C and what is its structure and function?

A

Bundle of His
S= specialised conductive cells, connects AV node to L and R bundle branches of the septum
F= transmits electrical signals from AV node to bundle branches

38
Q

What is D and what is its structure and function?

A

Purkinje fibres
S= specialised conductive cells, myocardium of ventricular walls
F= ventricular contraction

39
Q

What are E and F + function?

A

E= left bundle branch
F= right bundle branch
Conducts signal from AV node along the interventricular septum to the heart apex

40
Q

state the order of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole

41
Q

describe the atrial diastole

A

all heart muscles in relaxation
all valves are closed
blood returning to atria

42
Q

describe the atrial systole

A

atria in contraction
all valves are open
blood to ventricles

43
Q

describe the ventricular systole

A

ventricles in contraction
semilunar valves are open
blood passing to arteries

44
Q

describe ventricular diastole

A

all heart muscles in relaxation
all heart valves are closed
blood returning to atria

45
Q

what is blood pressure and what is WNL?

A

pressure exerted against the artery walls by blood on contraction and relaxation of the heart

WNL= 120/80mmHg

46
Q

systolic BP

A

The pressure exerted on the arterial walls when the heart is contracting.

47
Q

diastolic BP

A

The pressure exerted on the arterial walls when the heart is relaxing.

48
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle.

MAP is calculated using: Systolic, and Diastolic Pressure. For example, 120 (systolic) over 80 (diastolic)

49
Q

Equation of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

Mean Arterial Pressure = Diastolic BP + 1⁄3 (Systolic BP - Diastolic BP)

1⁄3 of the way there because the heart spends more time resting then contracting

50
Q

Why MAP must be maintained

A
  • Too high = damage to blood vessels
  • Too low = not adequate “flow” of blood through peripheral and central tissue.
51
Q

Factors Affecting MAP

A
  1. Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
    - Vasodilation reduces TPR.
    - Vasoconstriction increases TPR.
  2. Cardiac Output (Dependent on Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, and Contractility)
    - The amount of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle. The higher the cardiac output, the higher the MAP, as there is more blood being pumped through the vessels.
52
Q

describe how the baroreceptor reflex responds to high BP

A
  1. Increased blood pressure stretches the aortic arch and carotid bodies sensed by baroreceptors
  2. Baroreceptors fire action potentials at higher rates than normal through vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves to the cardiovascular and vasomotor regulatory centres in medulla oblongata in brain stem
  3. Cardiovascular Centres:
    - Activate parasympathetic system (increase):
    - Decreases heart rate.
    - Inhibits sympathetic system (decrease):
    - Stimulates heart to decrease heart rate and stroke volume
    - Vasodilation of blood vessels
  4. Decreases blood pressure
53
Q

describe how the baroreceptor reflex responds to low bp

A
  1. Decreased blood pressure sensed by baroreceptor as a decrease in tension.
  2. Baroreceptors fire at a lower rate than normal. Information is transmitted to cardio regulatory and vasomotor
    centres in medulla oblongata
  3. Cardiovascular Centres:
    - Inhibit Parasympathetic System (Decrease) - Increases heart rate
    - Activate Sympathetic System (Increase)
    - Acts on cells in the sinoatrial node to increase heart rate
    - Acts on cardiac muscles to increase stroke volume
    - Acts on smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction
  4. Increase in blood pressure
54
Q

which part of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

A

L ventricle NOT AORTA
(aorta transports, not pumps)

55
Q

which part of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body?

A

R atrium, NOT VENAE CAVAE
(venae cavae transport not collect)

56
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute

57
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves

58
Q

Septum

A

muscular wall between L and R side

59
Q

What is A and what is it’s function?

A

Tricuspid valve
Stop backflow of blood from R ventricle to R Atrium

60
Q

What is B and what is it’s function?

A

Pulmonary valve
Stop backflow of blood from pulmonary artery to R ventricle

61
Q

What is C and what is it’s function?

A

Aortic valve
Stop backflow of blood from aorta to L ventricle

62
Q

What is D and what is it’s function?

A

Mitral valve/bicuspid valve
Stop backflow of blood from L ventricle to L atrium

63
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Protein found in RBC which O2 binds to and transports it around the body

64
Q

what is an ECG?

A

Composite recording of all action potentials produced by the nodes and cells of cardiac myocardium

65
Q

ECG - Depolarisation (+ve)

A

contraction of the atrium or ventricle.

66
Q

ECG - Repolarization (-ve)

A

relaxation of the atrium or ventricle

67
Q

P Wave

A

Contraction of blood-filled atria (atrium) signalled by SA node (Atrial Depolarization).

68
Q

PQ Segment

A

When atrial depolarization is complete, Signal slows at atrioventricular node (AV), while left and right ventricles fill with blood

69
Q

Q

A

signal moves from bundle of his, divides into left and right branches, spreads through purkinje fibres across the ventricles

70
Q

R

A

peak of ventricular depolarisation
Contraction of left ventricle

71
Q

S

A

completion of ventricular depolarisation
Contraction of right ventricle

72
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricle depolarisation–> ventricular contraction (systole)

73
Q

T Wave

A

Ventricular Repolarization –> ventricular relaxation (diastole)

74
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

A
  1. A decrease in blood pressure, will decrease in the “stretch” of the wall of the aorta, and carotid bodies.
  2. Baroreceptor Reflex will detect this change, and release an enzyme called renin in the juxtaglomerular cells of the
    nephron in the kidneys.
  3. Once renin is in the bloodstream, it will cleave angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
  4. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II through the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs
    a. Angiotensin II will do two things . . .
    i. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.
    ii. Increase antidiuretic hormone release by the posterior pituitary gland, this increases thirst, water reabsorption by the kidneys, and an increase in blood volume.
  5. Angiotensin II increases the release of aldosterone by the adrenal glands.
    a. aldosterone will promote sodium reabsorption in the kidneys which, together with the ADH release from the angiotensin II, iresults in an increased water reabsorption
75
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle each minute.

Cardiac output (mL/min) = Heart rate (beats/minute) × Stroke volume (mL/beat)

76
Q

Heart Rate

A

Number of heart beats per minute

77
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Volume of blood pumped from each ventricle each contraction.

78
Q

3 Factors that affect Stroke Volume

A

1) Contractility: If the heart is contracting with more force, it is going to be able to pump more blood, increasing stroke volume which will in turn increase cardiac output.

2) Preload: Amount of blood in heart before it contracts. As preload increases, there is more blood to be
pumped, increasing cardiac output.

3) Afterload: Pressure the heart must overcome before the semilunar valve can open, and eject blood. Ejection of blood from the heart begins when pressure in the left ventricle exceeds the pressure in the aorta. At that point, the higher pressure in the ventricles causes blood to push the aortic valve open.

79
Q

Regulation of Heart Rate

A
  1. Intrinsic Control: SA node sets the basic rhythm; pacemaker ‘resting’ HR.
  2. Extrinsic Control: Autonomic nervous system innervates the SA node
    a. Increase in parasympathetic division, decreases heart rate.
    b. Increase in sympathetic division, increases in heart rate & contractility.
80
Q

Capillary Exchange

A

Thin walls with tiny pores that allow water and small solutes to pass, but do not allow protein molecules to pass

81
Q

The Forces Controlling Movement during capillary exchange

A
  1. Hydrostatic pressure
    - Pressure of the blood as it is being pumped from the heart
    - Causes fluids to move out of the capillaries (excluding cells and most proteins)
  2. Oncotic Pressure
    - Osmotic pressure relating to proteins in blood
    - Causes fluid to move into the capillary
82
Q

Arterial End (Oxygenated Blood)

A
  • blood under high pressure, just coming from the heart
  • Hydrostatic Pressure > Oncotic Pressure
  • positive net filtration pressure favours movement of fluid from blood into the interstitial space
83
Q

Venous Ends (Deoxygenated Blood)

A
  • Oncotic pressure > Hydrostatic Pressure
  • Fluid moves from interstitial fluid into capillaries ( due to higher concentration of proteins etc)
  • hence most fluid lost at arterial end, re- enters at venous end
  • Net Negative Filtration Pressure

DEN1DSA (16 decks)

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