Molecules + cells + cavities Flashcards
What cavity?
Cranial
What cavity?
Veterbral
What cavity?
Dorsal
What cavity?
Ventral
What cavity?
Pelvic
What cavity?
Abdominal
What cavity?
Pleural
What cavity?
Thoracic
What structures would you find in the thoracic cavity?
pleural and pericardium cavities
homeostasis
maintenance of a stable internal environment, within narrow limits in the face of external change
what happens if homeostasis is not maintained in the body?
cells may not get the nutrients they need. Toxic waste may accumulate, which may lead to an imbalance that causes disease of death.
RECEPTOR
Detects change in the environment – sends input (afferent neurons) towards the control centre.
CONTROL CENTRE
Determines the range of values for which a certain variable is maintained. Coordinates an appropriate response by sending out an output (efferent neurons) to the effector.
EFFECTOR
Carries out the control centre’s response.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
response opposes orginal stimulus
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
The output response enhances the
stimulus.
* Positive - change occurs in the same
direction of the stimulus.
* Cascades - amplify original stimulus.
eg. childbirth
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
folds and transports polypeptides into transport vesicles
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesis hormones + lipids
cytoplasam
gelatinous fluid inside cells which provides a medium for organelles to function
cytoskeleton
helps maintain their shape and internal organisation by transporting organelles
mitochondria
site of aerobic cellular respiration, which produces ATP for the cell to carry out cellular processes
nucleus
contains DNA which control cellular functions by coding for protiens
plasma cell mebrane
sempermiable lipid bilayer that regulates the inputs and out puts of the cell
golgi apparatus
final modification and packaging of proteins into secretory vesicles
lysosomes
contains digestive enzymes for the destruction of unwanted cellular material.
centriole
form cillia
carbohydrates
- energy storage
- monosaccarides, diasaccarides, polysaccarides
monosaccarides
glucose
galactose
fructose
Name 3 disaccharides
sucrose
maltose
lactose
polyasaccaride
starch
glycogen
primary protein structure
sequence of amino acids
secondary protien structure
primary structure folded into alpha helices, beta pleted sheets or random folding
tertiary protien structure
3D structure composed of folded secondary structure (which determines the function of the protien)
quaternary protein structure
2 or more polypeptide chains joined together
are lipids soluble or insoluble in water?
insoluble in water
draw a triglyceride
function of a triglyceride
to store energy/ provide insulation
integral proteins
proteins incorporated with in the membrane
Used for cellular identification because it spans the entire membrane
peripheral protien
associated with inner or outer surface
is the phosphate head hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophillic
is the fatty acid tails hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
cholesterol
stabilise + regulate fluidity
cell differentiation
The process whereby cells assume their specialised function.
Cells have different shapes, contents or organelles.
muscle cell
TO ALLOW FOR MOVEMENT
increased mitochondria + stores glycogen –> energy
elongated + elastic –> allows for movement
nerve cell
TO CARRY ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
long axon –> signal long distances
numerous dentides –> recive numerous signals
axon terminal –> contol activity
RBC
TO CARRY O2 AROUND THE BODY
no nucleus + bioconcave –> more haemoglobin to fit in vessels
Sperm cells
TO FERTILISE AN EGG
Nucleus –> carry genetic information
Big head –> burry into egg
Flagella – movement
Acrosome – enzymes to break outer layer of an egg.
tight junction
integral proteins fuse adjacent cells together to prevent molecules from passing between cells.
desmosomes
anchoring junctions that act as ‘rivet’ to keep cells from tearing apart
ga
gap junctions
communicating junctions to allow ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell
draw a phospholipid bilayer
include :
- integral protein
- peripheral protein
- cholesterol
- phospholipid
- glycoprotien
