Respiratory system Flashcards
Ventilation
RR X TV
What is this?
Alveoli
What is this?
Bronchioles
What is this?
Bronchus
What is this?
Diaphragm
What is this?
Larynx
What is this?
Lung
What is this?
Nasal Cavity
What is this?
Pharynx
What is this?
Trachea
function of the alveoli
To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream
function of the bronchioles
To provide a pathway for air between bronchus and alveoli
function of the Bronchi
To provide a pathway for air between trachea and bronchioles
function of the trachea
To provide a pathway for air between the larynx and the bronchus
function of the nose/nasal cavity
To warm, moisten and filter air entering the respiratory system
three functions of the pharynx
To provide passageway for food and air
To warm, moistens and protects from infection (mucous membrane)
To assists with speech
Involved with hearing (nasopharynx)
function of the larynx
To allow air to pass through to the trachea whilst stopping food and liquids from entering the respiratory tract
To house the vocal cords which manipulate pitch and volume essential for sound and speech
components of the upper respiratory system (Anatomically)
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
components of the lower respiratory system (Anatomically)
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
function of the pleura
to provide lubrication, reducing friction during the movement of lungs during breathing
respiration
movement of air/oxygen from external environment to the cells of the body
Expiration
Diaphragm domes and intercostal muscles relax moving ribcage down and in
Elastic lung tissue recoils decreaing thoracic volume and increasing intrathoracic pressure
Air is expelled and pushed out of the lungs
the right lug contains how many lobes?
3
Gaseous exchange at the lungs
O2 : alveoli β> lungs
CO2 : blood β> alveoli
Inhalation
Diaphragm flattens and intercostal muscles contract moving ribcage up and out
Visceral pleura is pulled outward increasing thoracic volume and decreasing intrathoracic pressure
Air is sucked into the lungs
The Respiration Processes
- Pulmonary Ventilation (Respiratory System)
- inspiration, and expiration - External Respiration (Respiratory System)
- O2 diffuses from the lungs to the blood
- CO2 diffuses from the blood to the lungs - Transport of Respiratory Gases (Cardiovascular System)
- CV system transports gases using blood.
- O2 is transported from lungs to tIssue
- CO2 is transported from tissue to lungs - Internal Respiration (Cardiovascular System)
- O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells
- CO2 diffuses from the tissue cells to blood
Conducting Zone (Functionaly)
Moves air into and out of the lungs
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus
Respiratory Zone (Functionaly)
Moves the respiratory gases in and out of the blood
Bronchioles, alveoli
Gas Exchange in Alveoli
Oxygen flows from the alveoli into the blood
Carbon dioxide flows from the blood into the alveoli
Respiratory Membrane
- made up of alveolar epithelial cells, and the pulmonary capillary endothelial cell.
- The membrane has a large, thin and permeable surface.
- Gas particles can be exchanged quickly, and in large volumes
Respiratory Membrane
Squamous Type 1 Alveolar Cells
- Allow for rapid gas diffusion between the air and blood
- Major cell type on alveolar surface (95% Surface Area covered)
Respiratory Membrane
Round/Cuboidal Type II Alveolar Cells
Repair the alveolar epithelium
when squamous cells are damaged
- To secrete pulmonary surfactant
- Outnumber the alveolar cells
- Covers about 5% of the surface area
Respiratory Membrane
Alveolar Macrophages
- Clearing up debris through phagocytosis
- Most abundant
Tidal Volume (TV)
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration
Residual Volume (RV)
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
Vital Capacity (VC)
Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort
VC= TV+IRV+ERV
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration
IC=TV+IRV
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
FRC=ERV+RV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath
Forced Expiratory Volume In 1 Second
The Amount Of Air which can be forcefully exhaled in 1 second. Normally about 75% of FVC.
FEV1/FVC
Minute Ventilation (MV)
The total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute
ππ(ππΏ/πππ) = π΅ππππ‘hπ πππ ππππ’π‘π Γ πππππ ππππ’ππ
DOES NOT ACCOUNT FOR DEAD SPACE
Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)
Flow of gases into and out of the alveoli (gas exchange areas) in one minute
accounts for dead space
AVR units in mL/min
π΄ππ
= π΅ππππ‘hπ πππ ππππ’π‘π Γ (πππππ ππππ’ππ β π·πππ πππππ)
Anatomical Dead Space
Inspired air that does not contribute to gas exchange in the alveoli, lost in travel (approximately 150 mL)
Obstructive Lung Diseases
Obstructive lung disease is caused by a narrowing of pulmonary airways leading to increased resistance to air flow. Can make it harder to exhale all the air in the lungs
- Significant decrease FEV1
- TLC, FRC, RV, FVC may increase
Restrictive Lung Diseases
Restrictive lung disease is characterised by increased stiffness and limited expansion of the lungs
- Small decrease in FEV1
- Significant fall (decline) in Forced Vital Capacity, Residual Volume, Functional Residual Capacity, TLC.
- FEV1/FVC ratio can be higher than normal
hyperventilation
Rapid, deep breathing
pushes reaction to the LEFT by βblowing off β CO2 (CO2
decreases), causing pH to increase (BASIC) (hydrogen ions decreasing)
CO2 (expired) + H2O β H2CO3 β HCO3- + H+
hypoventilation
Rapid, shallow breathing
pushes reaction to the RIGHT by allowing CO2 to
accumulate in the blood, causing pH to decrease (ACIDIC) (hydrogen ions increasing) CO2 + H2O β H2CO3 β HCO3- + H+
Partial pressure
- the pressure that a
particular gas exerts in a gas mixture - caused by the impact of molecules against each
other or against surrounding surfaces. - Gases move from higher pressures to lower Pressure allowing gases to move from one fluid compartment into another throughout the body.
What is A?
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
What is B?
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
What is C?
Tidal volume
What is D?
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
What is E?
Residual volume (RV)
What is F?
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
What is G?
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
What is H?
Vital capacity (VC)
What is I?
Total lung capacity (TLC)
What is J?
Residual volume (RV)
Chemoreceptors
Detect chemical changes in the blood (specifically carbon dioxide, pH and oxygen)
Central Chemoreceptors
- Located throughout the brainstem and the medulla (medulla oblongata)
Detects:
- Decrease in pH (increase in hydrogen ions)
- Increase in carbon dioxide
Signals
- Increases respiration
- Increases oxygen intake
- Decreases carbon dioxide expiration
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
- Located in carotid and aortic body
Detects:
- Decrease in pH (increase in hydrogen ions)
- Increase in carbon dioxide
- Decrease in oxygen
Signals: (Medullary centres)
- Respiration increases
2 major pathways for oxygen transport in the blood
- (98.5%) Loosely bound to haemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs [Bound to the heme part of haemoglobin].
- (1.5%) Dissolved in plasma
Oxyhaemoglobin
Bright Red
Haemoglobin saturated with oxygen
π»π»π + π2βπ»ππ2 + π»+
Deoxyhemoglobin
Purplish Blue
Unsaturated
π»π»π + π2βπ»ππ2 + π»+
Oxygen Dissociation Curve Axis
- Y-Axis: How much oxygen is bound to haemoglobin
- X-Axis: Relative amount (partial pressure) dissolved in fluid surrounding
haemoglobin
The oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right when there is
- An Increase in body temperature. (Binding affinity for oxygen decreases, promoting the release of oxygen) (Occurs in cells)
- An increase in carbon dioxide
- An decrease in pH (Increase in hydrogen ions)
- Increased pCO2 (partial pressure) levels
- Decreased Tissue pO2
Results in an Increase of oxygen release, and decrease in haemoglobin saturation.
The Oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left when there is
- Decrease in body temperature
- Decrease in carbon dioxide levels
- Increase in pH levels
- Decreased pCO2 (partial pressure) levels
- Increased tissue pO2 levels
Results in an decrease of oxygen release, and increase in haemoglobin
saturation
3 pathways for Carbon Dioxide Transport
- (7-10%) Dissolved in the plasma
- (20%) Binds to haemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin
πΆπ2 + π»π β·π»ππΆπ2
- Reaction is rapid and does not require a catalyst
- Carbon dioxide does not compete with oxyhemoglobin transport as it binds to the amino acids of globin
rather than the heme - (70%) transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma
