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DEN1DSA > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A

RR X TV

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2
Q

What is this?

A

Alveoli

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3
Q

What is this?

A

Bronchioles

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4
Q

What is this?

A

Bronchus

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5
Q

What is this?

A

Diaphragm

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6
Q

What is this?

A

Larynx

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7
Q

What is this?

A

Lung

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8
Q

What is this?

A

Nasal Cavity

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9
Q

What is this?

A

Pharynx

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10
Q

What is this?

A

Trachea

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11
Q

function of the alveoli

A

To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream

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12
Q

function of the bronchioles

A

To provide a pathway for air between bronchus and alveoli

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13
Q

function of the Bronchi

A

To provide a pathway for air between trachea and bronchioles

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14
Q

function of the trachea

A

To provide a pathway for air between the larynx and the bronchus

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15
Q

function of the nose/nasal cavity

A

To warm, moisten and filter air entering the respiratory system

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16
Q

three functions of the pharynx

A

To provide passageway for food and air

To warm, moistens and protects from infection (mucous membrane)

To assists with speech
Involved with hearing (nasopharynx)

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17
Q

function of the larynx

A

To allow air to pass through to the trachea whilst stopping food and liquids from entering the respiratory tract
To house the vocal cords which manipulate pitch and volume essential for sound and speech

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18
Q

components of the upper respiratory system (Anatomically)

A

Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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19
Q

components of the lower respiratory system (Anatomically)

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs

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20
Q

function of the pleura

A

to provide lubrication, reducing friction during the movement of lungs during breathing

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21
Q

respiration

A

movement of air/oxygen from external environment to the cells of the body

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22
Q

Expiration

A

Diaphragm domes and intercostal muscles relax moving ribcage down and in

Elastic lung tissue recoils decreaing thoracic volume and increasing intrathoracic pressure

Air is expelled and pushed out of the lungs

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23
Q

the right lug contains how many lobes?

A

3

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24
Q

Gaseous exchange at the lungs

A

O2 : alveoli β€”> lungs
CO2 : blood β€”> alveoli

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25
Q

Inhalation

A

Diaphragm flattens and intercostal muscles contract moving ribcage up and out

Visceral pleura is pulled outward increasing thoracic volume and decreasing intrathoracic pressure

Air is sucked into the lungs

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26
Q

The Respiration Processes

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation (Respiratory System)
    - inspiration, and expiration
  2. External Respiration (Respiratory System)
    - O2 diffuses from the lungs to the blood
    - CO2 diffuses from the blood to the lungs
  3. Transport of Respiratory Gases (Cardiovascular System)
    - CV system transports gases using blood.
    - O2 is transported from lungs to tIssue
    - CO2 is transported from tissue to lungs
  4. Internal Respiration (Cardiovascular System)
    - O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells
    - CO2 diffuses from the tissue cells to blood
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27
Q

Conducting Zone (Functionaly)

A

Moves air into and out of the lungs
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus

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28
Q

Respiratory Zone (Functionaly)

A

Moves the respiratory gases in and out of the blood
Bronchioles, alveoli

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29
Q

Gas Exchange in Alveoli

A

Oxygen flows from the alveoli into the blood
Carbon dioxide flows from the blood into the alveoli

30
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A
  • made up of alveolar epithelial cells, and the pulmonary capillary endothelial cell.
  • The membrane has a large, thin and permeable surface.
  • Gas particles can be exchanged quickly, and in large volumes
31
Q

Respiratory Membrane

Squamous Type 1 Alveolar Cells

A
  • Allow for rapid gas diffusion between the air and blood
  • Major cell type on alveolar surface (95% Surface Area covered)
32
Q

Respiratory Membrane

Round/Cuboidal Type II Alveolar Cells

A

Repair the alveolar epithelium
when squamous cells are damaged
- To secrete pulmonary surfactant
- Outnumber the alveolar cells
- Covers about 5% of the surface area

33
Q

Respiratory Membrane

Alveolar Macrophages

A
  • Clearing up debris through phagocytosis
  • Most abundant
34
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

35
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration

36
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration

37
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

38
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort
VC= TV+IRV+ERV

39
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration
IC=TV+IRV

40
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
FRC=ERV+RV

41
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV

42
Q

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

A

Gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath

43
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume In 1 Second

A

The Amount Of Air which can be forcefully exhaled in 1 second. Normally about 75% of FVC.
FEV1/FVC

44
Q

Minute Ventilation (MV)

A

The total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute
𝑀𝑉(π‘šπΏ/π‘šπ‘–π‘›) = π΅π‘Ÿπ‘’π‘Žπ‘‘h𝑠 π‘π‘’π‘Ÿ π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘’π‘‘π‘’ Γ— π‘‡π‘–π‘‘π‘Žπ‘™ π‘‰π‘œπ‘™π‘’π‘šπ‘’
DOES NOT ACCOUNT FOR DEAD SPACE

45
Q

Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)

A

Flow of gases into and out of the alveoli (gas exchange areas) in one minute
accounts for dead space
AVR units in mL/min
𝐴𝑉𝑅 = π΅π‘Ÿπ‘’π‘Žπ‘‘h𝑠 π‘π‘’π‘Ÿ π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘’π‘‘π‘’ Γ— (π‘‡π‘–π‘‘π‘Žπ‘™ π‘‰π‘œπ‘™π‘’π‘šπ‘’ βˆ’ π·π‘’π‘Žπ‘‘ π‘†π‘π‘Žπ‘π‘’)

46
Q

Anatomical Dead Space

A

Inspired air that does not contribute to gas exchange in the alveoli, lost in travel (approximately 150 mL)

47
Q

Obstructive Lung Diseases

A

Obstructive lung disease is caused by a narrowing of pulmonary airways leading to increased resistance to air flow. Can make it harder to exhale all the air in the lungs
- Significant decrease FEV1
- TLC, FRC, RV, FVC may increase

48
Q

Restrictive Lung Diseases

A

Restrictive lung disease is characterised by increased stiffness and limited expansion of the lungs
- Small decrease in FEV1
- Significant fall (decline) in Forced Vital Capacity, Residual Volume, Functional Residual Capacity, TLC.
- FEV1/FVC ratio can be higher than normal

49
Q

hyperventilation

A

Rapid, deep breathing
pushes reaction to the LEFT by β€œblowing off ” CO2 (CO2
decreases), causing pH to increase (BASIC) (hydrogen ions decreasing)
CO2 (expired) + H2O ← H2CO3 ← HCO3- + H+

50
Q

hypoventilation

A

Rapid, shallow breathing
pushes reaction to the RIGHT by allowing CO2 to
accumulate in the blood, causing pH to decrease (ACIDIC) (hydrogen ions increasing) CO2 + H2O β†’ H2CO3 β†’ HCO3- + H+

51
Q

Partial pressure

A
  • the pressure that a
    particular gas exerts in a gas mixture
  • caused by the impact of molecules against each
    other or against surrounding surfaces.
  • Gases move from higher pressures to lower Pressure allowing gases to move from one fluid compartment into another throughout the body.
52
Q

What is A?

A

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

53
Q

What is B?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

54
Q

What is C?

A

Tidal volume

55
Q

What is D?

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

56
Q

What is E?

A

Residual volume (RV)

57
Q

What is F?

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

58
Q

What is G?

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

59
Q

What is H?

A

Vital capacity (VC)

60
Q

What is I?

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

61
Q

What is J?

A

Residual volume (RV)

62
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect chemical changes in the blood (specifically carbon dioxide, pH and oxygen)

63
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

A
  • Located throughout the brainstem and the medulla (medulla oblongata)

Detects:
- Decrease in pH (increase in hydrogen ions)
- Increase in carbon dioxide
Signals
- Increases respiration
- Increases oxygen intake
- Decreases carbon dioxide expiration

64
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

A
  • Located in carotid and aortic body

Detects:
- Decrease in pH (increase in hydrogen ions)
- Increase in carbon dioxide
- Decrease in oxygen
Signals: (Medullary centres)
- Respiration increases

65
Q

2 major pathways for oxygen transport in the blood

A
  • (98.5%) Loosely bound to haemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs [Bound to the heme part of haemoglobin].
  • (1.5%) Dissolved in plasma
66
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

Bright Red
Haemoglobin saturated with oxygen
𝐻𝐻𝑏 + 𝑂2↔𝐻𝑏𝑂2 + 𝐻+

67
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Purplish Blue
Unsaturated
𝐻𝐻𝑏 + 𝑂2↔𝐻𝑏𝑂2 + 𝐻+

68
Q

Oxygen Dissociation Curve Axis

A
  • Y-Axis: How much oxygen is bound to haemoglobin
  • X-Axis: Relative amount (partial pressure) dissolved in fluid surrounding
    haemoglobin
69
Q

The oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right when there is

A
  • An Increase in body temperature. (Binding affinity for oxygen decreases, promoting the release of oxygen) (Occurs in cells)
  • An increase in carbon dioxide
  • An decrease in pH (Increase in hydrogen ions)
  • Increased pCO2 (partial pressure) levels
  • Decreased Tissue pO2

Results in an Increase of oxygen release, and decrease in haemoglobin saturation.

70
Q

The Oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left when there is

A
  • Decrease in body temperature
  • Decrease in carbon dioxide levels
  • Increase in pH levels
  • Decreased pCO2 (partial pressure) levels
  • Increased tissue pO2 levels

Results in an decrease of oxygen release, and increase in haemoglobin
saturation

71
Q

3 pathways for Carbon Dioxide Transport

A
  1. (7-10%) Dissolved in the plasma
  2. (20%) Binds to haemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin
    𝐢𝑂2 + 𝐻𝑏 βŸ·π»π‘πΆπ‘‚2
    - Reaction is rapid and does not require a catalyst
    - Carbon dioxide does not compete with oxyhemoglobin transport as it binds to the amino acids of globin
    rather than the heme
  3. (70%) transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma

DEN1DSA (16 decks)

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