Urinary system Flashcards
The pelvic region is divided into greater and lesser pelvis. Which region is known as the pelvic cavity ?
Lesser pelvis
What is the perineum?
A structure below the pelvic floor. Some structures of the genitourinary system sit in this region, and external genitalia extend from the perineum.
Where do the organs of reproduction sit in females and males?
- Females - lesser pelvis
- Males - lesser pelvis, apart from testes that sit outside the body in the scrotum.
What is the path of draining from the pyramids in the cortex to the bladder?
The pyramids in the cortex drain into minor calyces. Around 2-3 minor calyces drain into each 2-3 major calyces. The major calyces drain to the renal pelvis, which empties through uretas to bladder.
What is the point where structures enter and leave the kidney called?
Hilum
What structures enter and leave the kidney through the hilum?
- Renal artery
- Renal Vein
- Ureter
- Lymphatics and sympathetics
What does antidiuretic hormone do and where is it released from?
ADH make the collecting duct more permeable to water, allowing reabsorption of water. ADH is released from posterior pituitary.
Which vertebral level do the renal arteries arise ( this will therefore be where the hilum is) ?
Just below L1.
Which ribs are the kidneys partially protected by?
Ribs 11-12
What vertebral level do the kidneys lie?
T12 to L3
Where are the adrenal glands (also called suprarenal glands) located ?
Superior aspect of each kidney
Adrenal glands have cortex and medulla. Different hormones are secretes from cortex and medulla. Which are these hormones?
- Cortex : cortisol, aldosterone and sex hormones
- Medulla : adrenaline and noradrenaline
What is the medical name for kidney stones?
Renal Calculi
What are kidney stones?
Crystal aggregations that form in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and may be deposited anywhere from the kidney to urethras.
How many layers and what type of muscle is in the ureter?
3 layers of smooth muscle that aid peristaltic contractions that force urine into the bladder.
What are the 3 regions in the ureters where they narrow?
- junction between ureters and renal pelvis
- where ureters cross brim of pelvic bone
- entrance of the ureters into the bladder
The bladder always contains some urine. What is the minimal amount of urine always in the bladder?
50ml
What is the muscle called in the bladder, what type of muscle is it and how many layers? (hint: its the same type and same layers as in ureters)
Detrusor muscle
3 layers of smooth muscle.
there are 3 layers of smooth muscle in the bladder. How do the fibres orientation differ between the layers?
Internal and external layers = longitudinal fibres
Middle layer= roughly circular direction
What type of epithelium lines the urinary system from the renal pelvis to the urethra?
specialised epithelium/transitional epithelium/urothelium
What is the epithelium in a non-distended urothelium?
- Base layer- cuboidal cells
- Middle layer - polygonal cells
- Surface layer- tall columnar cells
In adults, where does the bladder sit when empty and full?
- Empty - bladder sits anteriorly to lesser pelvis and inferior to peritoneum
- Full - bladder extends superiorly into the extraperitoneal fat of the anterior body wall
Where does the bladder sit in children under 6 years?
Always in the abdomen, whether empty or full
What is the trigone and rugae in the bladder?
Trigone is a smooth triangular area on the posterior wall of the bladder between the ureteric orifices
Rugae are ridges that line the majority of the empty bladder, that flatten out as the bladder fills.
