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ANATOMY > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells cover the mouth and tongue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

What are the 3 main salivary glands and what type saliva do they produce?

A
  1. Parotid - serous
  2. Submandibular - serous and mucous
  3. Sublingual - mucous
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3
Q

What structure of the salivary glands is salvia produced in?

A

Acini

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4
Q

What are the cheek muscles?

A

Buccinator muscles

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5
Q

What are the names of the upper and lower jaw bone and the joint in between them?

A

Upper - maxilla
Lower- mandible
Joint - temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

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6
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication (movement of jaw) ?

A
  1. Temporalis (major effector)
  2. Masseter (elevates and protrudes the lower jaw).
  3. Lateral pterygoid
  4. Medial pterygoid
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7
Q

What are the two stages of swallowing?

A
  1. Pharyngeal stage
  2. Oesophageal stage
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8
Q

What happens in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing?

A

When the bolus reaches the back of the pharynx the swallowing reflex is triggered. The soft palate rises to block the nasopharynx and the larynx elevates due to muscles of throat (supra hyoid muscles) which moves the epiglottis over the trachea.
The pharyngeal constrictors contract sequentially to move the bolus down the the pharynx into the oesophagus.

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9
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

V10

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10
Q

What happens in the oesophageal stage of swallowing?

A

Food moves down the oesophagus by the involuntary action of smooth muscle. When the food reaches the end of the oesophagus, the lower sphincter muscles relax which allow food to enter stomach. The lower sphincter muscles are bands of muscle from the diaphragm that prevent stomach reflex into oesophagus.

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11
Q

The oesophagus is split into 3 sections. What type of muscle is in the upper third, and what type is in the lower two thirds?

A
  1. Upper third = skeletal muscle
  2. Lower two thirds = smooth muscle.
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12
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the oesophagus?

A

Vagus (Cranial nerve 10)

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13
Q

When does a hiatus hernia occur?

A

When the upper part of the stomach squeezes through a gap between the oesophagus and diaphragm (hiatus).

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14
Q

What is the part called where the stomach opens into the duodenum?

A

Pyloric orifice

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15
Q

Which cells in the stomach (fundus and body) secrete acid?

A

Parietal cells

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16
Q

Which cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?

A

Peptic (chief) cells.

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17
Q

Which part of the stomach secrete endocrine secretions (gastrin, histamine and somatostatin)?

A

Antrum

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18
Q

The stomach has circular, longitudinal and oblique layers of smooth muscle. Which layer is responsible for distension of the stomach?

A

Oblique layer of smooth muscle

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19
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the stomach?

A

Columnar epithelium

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20
Q

what are the jejunum and ileum anchored to the posterior body wall by?

A

The mesentery

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21
Q

In the intestine, which is the primary site for nutrient absorption ?

A

In the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine.

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22
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of ions and water

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23
Q

What are the muscles in the large intestine that move the food along, and what type of muscle is it?

A

Longitudinal smooth muscle called Taeniae coli

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24
Q

Where is the appendix located?

A

Caecum of the large intestine

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25
Q

What is the angle called between the ascending colon and transverse colon?

A

The right colic flexure

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26
Q

What is the angle called between the transverse colon and the descending colon?

A

The left colic flexure (this is where the spleen sits)

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27
Q

What vertebral level does the rectum begin?

A

S3

28
Q

The liver is a major site of protein, lipoprotein and cholesterol synthesis. Which is the most abundant protein in the liver?

A

Albumin

29
Q

What does a lack of albumin cause?

A

Oedema

30
Q

Cholesterol is synthesised in the liver and is used either directly in cell membrane or converted into sex hormones. What happens to excess cholesterol?

A

excreted in the bile

31
Q

Bile salts are produced in the liver. What are bile salts?

A

Detergents that emulsify fats in the intestine, increasing their surface area and facilitating absorption.

32
Q

The liver stores fat soluble vitamins. What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E and K

33
Q

What is bilirubin released by and why is it produced?

A

Bilirubin is released from the spleen from the breakdown of red blood cells.

34
Q

The gall bladder is a fluid filled sac that stores and concentrates bile. What structure transports bile to and from the gall bladder?

A

Cystic duct

35
Q

What are the functions of bile in the body?

A
  1. its bicarbonate content produces alkaline PH which serves to decrease the acidity of the gastric contents released from the stomach.
  2. Decreased PH also facilitates emulsification of fats which increases the surface area, facilitating digestion.
36
Q

What type of cells is bile produced by in the liver, and what are between these cells?

A

Hepatocytes produces bile. Between hepatocytes are sinusoids.

37
Q

How does bile drain from the liver?

A

Right and left hepatic ducts which join to form the common hepatic ducts.

38
Q

What is formed when the cystic duct (the drains bile from the gall bladder) joins to the common hepatic duct ?

A

Common bile duct

39
Q

What is the name of where the common pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (also known as Ampulla of Vater)

40
Q

Exocrine tissue of the pancreas release pancreatic juice. what are the two components of pancreatic juice?

A
  • Alkaline secretion (has high bicarbonate and low enzyme content, helps to neutralise gastric contents).
  • enzyme rich secretion ( major enzymes involved in digestion. Secreted as pre-enzymes which are activated in gut)
41
Q

What is the peritoneum ?

A

layer of connective tissue that covers the walls and all of the viscera of the abdomen and anchors the abdominal organs to the posterior body wall.

42
Q

What are the anterior and posterior reflections of the peritoneum called?

A

Anterior - Greater omentum

Posterior - mesentery

43
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

the potential space around the abdominal organs.

44
Q

The digestive tract is a long tube. What are the 4 layers that the digestive tract consists of?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular externa
  4. Serosa
45
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

A branch of the autonomic nervous system, completely separate to sympathetic and parasympathetic, and can operate independently of CNS.

46
Q

The submucosa is 1 of the 4 layers in the digestive tract. The submucosa layer contains the submucosal plexus which is part of the enteric nervous system. What are the two major plexi of the enteric nervous system?

A
  1. Myenteric plexus
  2. Submucosal plexus.
47
Q

The small intestine contain villi. The recessions between the villi are crypts. What are the 4 specialised cells within the epithelium in the villi?

A
  1. Absorptive cells
  2. Goblet cell
    (these both ascend the villi from the crypts)
  3. Granular cells
  4. APUD cells
    (these both stay at the base of the crypts)
48
Q

The GI tract is supplied by branches of the abdominal aorta. What are the 3 branches?

A
  1. coeliac trunk (T12)
  2. Superior mesenteric artery ( L1)
  3. Inferior mesenteric artery (L3)
49
Q

What are the two main features of the stomach that protect its wall from the low PH?

A
  • Tight junctions between the epithelial cells protect the deep layers
  • Constitutive secretion of ALKALINE mucous layer by mucous cells
50
Q

The duodenum is divided into 4 parts. What are the 4 parts and describe their location.

A
  • superior part - slightly superior and posterior to L1
  • Descending part - travels inferiorly over part of the kidney to L3.
  • Horizontal part - crosses over the aorta at L3
  • Ascending part travels superiorly on the left of the aorta to L2 where it becomes the jejunum.
51
Q

The descending part of the duodenum receives further digestive secretions from where?

A
  • common bile duct ( liver and gall bladder)
  • main pancreatic duct (pancreas)
52
Q

What part of the colon connects the descending colon to the rectum?

A

Sigmoid colon

53
Q

What are Taeniae Coli?

A

Longitudinal bands of smooth muscle that extend externally along the length of the colon. They are formed from the segmentation of the outer layer of muscularis externa

54
Q

What is the first immunological barrier to pathogens in the GI system?

A

Lamina Propria

55
Q

The enteric nervous system consist of myenteric and submucosal plexi. What are the old names for these?

A

Meissner’s and Auerbach’s Plexi

56
Q

One of the layers of the GI tract is muscularis externa. What does this section consist of ?

A

Two layers of smooth muscle: circular inner layer and longitudinal outer layer. In between the two layers is the myenteric plexus.

57
Q

Villi are present throughout small intestine. What does each villus contain?

A

Each villus contains a capillary network that transports absorbed amino acids and monosaccharides, plus a blind-ended lymph vessel that transports absorbed fat.

58
Q

What is the function of absorptive, granular and APUD cells? (these are all in the villi in the small intestine)

A
  • absorptive cells secrete digestive enzymes and absorbs nutrients
  • Granular cells secrete enzymes and protect epithelium from bacteria
  • APUD cells produce endocrine secretions that regulate secretion and mortality of the GI tract
59
Q

What is the epithelium of the large intestine like? ( remember, small intestine is villous)

A

Large intestine is simple columnar and contains crypts but not villi. Globlet and absorptive cells are present, APUD cells are sparse.

60
Q

Are there more goblet cells in the small or large intestine ?

A

Large intestine therefore amount of mucus is greatest in large intestine.

61
Q

What causes the contraction of the smooth muscle in the gall bladder to release bile?

A

food in the duodenum

62
Q

The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the pancreas and super duodenum. This arises from the coeliac trunk. What supplies the inferior part of duodenum and pancreas and what does it arise from?

A

The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the inferior part of the duodenum and pancreas and anastomes. It arises from the superior mesenteric artery.

63
Q

What are arcades and what do these supply ? (hint superior mesenteric artery)

A

Arcades are large loops in the mesentery, which arise from the superior mesenteric artery. These supply the jejunum and ileum.

64
Q

What does the ileocolic artery supply? ileocolic artery arises from superior mesenteric artery.

A

Terminal ileum, caecum, veriform appendix, proximal ascending colon

65
Q

what forms the hepatic portal vein?

A

Superior and inferior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

66
Q

Which part of the duodenum is bile and pancreatic fluid secreted into?

A

Descending

67
Q
A

ANATOMY (8 decks)

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