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ANATOMY > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory centre in the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata ( in the brain stem)

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2
Q

The rhythmic cycling pattern of inspiration and expiration is controlled by inspiratory and expiratory neurones. The automatic rhythm can be controlled by afferent information. Where does the afferent information come from?

A

Chemoreceptors, brain and receptors in the lungs.

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3
Q

Why is the right lung bigger than the left?

A

The middle mediastinum containing the hear bulges more to the left than the right, therefore the left lung is slightly smaller.

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4
Q

what are the 3 surfaces of the lungs?

A
  1. costal
  2. mediastinal (contains hilum of lungs)
  3. diaphragmatic (base of lungs)
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5
Q

what is the difference between the anterior border of the right and left lung?

A

the left lung has a cardiac notch in the anterior border, whereas the anterior border of the right lung is straight.

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6
Q

There are 3 borders in the lungs: inferior, anterior and posterior. They separate surfaces of the lungs. Which surfaces do each borders separate?

A
  1. inferior - separates base from costal surface (sharp border)
  2. anterior - separates costal from mediastinal (sharp border)
  3. posterior - separates costal from mediastinal aswell, but this border is smooth and round and the other ones are sharp.
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7
Q

How many lobes and fissures does each lung have? remember fissures are what separate the lobes.

A
  1. Right lung - 3 lobes, 2 fissures
  2. Left lung- 2 lobes, 1 fissure.
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8
Q

The right lung has two fissures, horizontal and oblique. Which lobes do these separate?

A
  1. horizontal fissure separates the superior and middle lobe.
  2. oblique fissure separates the superior, middle and inferior lobe.
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9
Q

What is a lingula and which lung is it found in?

A

a tongue like projection that extends over the anterior surface of the heart. Found in LEFT lung.

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10
Q

What is the Hilum of the lungs?

A

the area at which the ‘root of the lungs’ enter and leave the lungs.

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11
Q

What structures make up the root of the lungs?

A
  1. Pulmonary artery
  2. Two pulmonary veins
  3. A main bronchus
  4. bronchial vessels
  5. Nerves
  6. Lymphatics
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12
Q

Which out of bronchi, arteries and veins have the thickest and thinnest walls?

A
  1. Bronchi = thickest
  2. Veins = thinnest
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13
Q

At what level does the apex of the lungs sit, and the most inferior part of the lungs?

A

Apex (top) of lungs sits at T1.

Inferior part of lungs sits at T12

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14
Q

What is the pleura?

A

A thin membrane that encloses the lungs and also lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

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15
Q

What are the two types of pleura?

A
  1. Parietal Pleura which lines the pulmonary cavities and is adherent to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum and the diaphragm.
  2. Visceral Pleura which covers the lungs and is adherent to all its surfaces.
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16
Q

What happens to the pleura at the Hilum of the lungs?

A

The visceral pleura reflects and becomes the parietal pleura and vice versa. The pleura is one continuous layer.

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17
Q

What is the space between the two layers of pleura called?

A

Pleural cavity. it is a potential space. This is created because the pleural cavities extend further out than the lungs

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18
Q

Why is the pleural cavity called a potential space?

A

Because in illness or injury the pleural cavity may become a space. In healthy people, the pleural cavity will only contain a tiny amount of fluid, but in injuries this can fill up.

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19
Q

What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura?

A
  1. Costal pleura (near costal cartilage).
  2. Mediastinal pleura
  3. Diaphragmatic pleura
  4. Cervical Pleura (this extends through the superior thoracic aperture forming domed pleura over the apex of the lungs).
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20
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

When air rushes into the pleural cavity. This causes the lungs to collapse.

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21
Q

What is a hydrothorax?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

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22
Q

What is a haemothorax?

A

When blood enters the pleural cavity

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23
Q

The sternum sits anteriorly. What does the sternum consist of? (3 main parts)

A
  1. manubrium
  2. sternal body
  3. Xiphoid process
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24
Q

The 12 ribs are split into either TRUE, FALSE or FLOATING. Which ribs are in which category and why?

A
  1. Ribs 1-7 are true ribs. They join directly with sternum anteriorly via costal cartilage
  2. Ribs 8-12 and false ribs. They join indirectly to sternum via long shared cartilage, or don’t join at all.
  3. ribs 11-12 are floating ribs. They do not join sternum and are shorter and pointier than other ribs.
25
Q

What type of muscles are involved in ventilation?

A

SKELETAL

26
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm and where do these nerves originate?

A

Phrenic nerve.
Originate at the C3, C4 and C5 (cervicall spinal nerves)

27
Q

How many sets of intercostal muscles are there?

A

11

28
Q

What do the external intercostal muscles do in inspiration?

A

pull the ribs up and out which increases the lateral and anteroposterior diameters of the thorax.

29
Q

what do the internal intercostal muscles do during active respiration?

A

pull the ribs down and inwards

30
Q

What direction do the innermost intercostal muscle fibres run?

A

In the same direction as the internal intercostal muscles ( Obliquely posteroinferiorly)

31
Q

What is pulmonary oedema ?

A

Build up of fluid in the interstitial spaces which increase the diffusion distance of gases between blood and alveoli.

32
Q

Pulmonary oedema is normally secondary to another condition. What are these conditions?

A
  1. left heart failure
  2. renal failure.
  3. pneumonia
  4. cirrhosis
33
Q

What does pulmonary oedema do to oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood?

A

Oxygen levels go down (hypoxia) because the diffusion distance is increased. C02 levels may not change as carbon dioxide is more soluble that 02 so can cross the diffusion distance quicker.

34
Q

What surrounds the trachea to prevent it from collapsing during inspiration?

A

rings of hyaline cartilage

35
Q

At what level does the trachea split into bronchi ?

A

T4

36
Q

What are the 4 points why level T4 is important?

A
  1. where trachea birfucates to bronchi
  2. level of aortic arch
  3. level of sternal angle
  4. where second rib articulates with sternum
37
Q

What is the different between the right and left main bronchi?

A

Right main bronchus is wider and shorter and runs vertically to get o hilum.
Left main bronchus is orientated horizontally. It runs inferior (below) arch of aorta, anterior (in front) of oesophagus and thoracic aorta, to reach hilum.

38
Q

What is Emphysema ? (hint alveoli)

A

Gradual damage to alveoli, usually by irritants or infection (smoking big cause) which makes them lose elasticity.

39
Q

Chronic Bronchitis is a disease of the lungs when they cant clear mucus. What is the condition called when Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema go together?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

40
Q

What is an example of a bronchodilator to treat asthma ?

A

Salbutamol (Ventolin)

41
Q

What is a drug to reduce long-term airway damage?

A

Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP)

42
Q

What is the respiratory type epithelium?

A

the type of epithelium found in the upper respiratory tract which involves pseudostratified columnar epithelium, cilia and goblet cells.

43
Q

Where is the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and main bronchi positioned in the hilum?

A
  • the pulmonary artery is superior
  • the pulmonary vein is inferior
  • the main bronchi is posterior
44
Q

The oblique fissue is found in the right and left lung. It runs diagonally down from posterior to anterior. What are the positions of the oblique fissure?

A
  • posterior T4
  • Runs diagonally down crossing 4th and 5th intercostal spaces to reach rib 6
  • Anteriorly at rib 6
45
Q

The horizontal fissure is only found in the right lung. Where does it sit?

A

Rib 4

46
Q

The serous pleura produces serous fluid which is a lubricant. What is the role of the pleura and serous fluid?

A

Allows smooth movement of the lungs as they expand and collapse during respiration. The fluid also provides surface tension that keeps the surface of the lung in contact with the thoracic wall.

47
Q

What are the 3 major structures that travel through the diaphragm?

A

Aorta, Oesophagus and inferior vena cava

48
Q

Where does blood supply of the diaphragm originate?

A

intercostal arteries

49
Q

What are the accessory muscles of respiration?

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • pectoralis minor
  • scalene muscles
50
Q

During breathing the ribs move in two planes- anteroposterior and laterally. What are the two names for this?

A

Pump action - anteroposterior (forward/backwards)

Bucket handle movement - up and down

51
Q

What are the two tree-like structures found in the lungs and what are they each composed of?

A
  • vascular tree (composed of arteries, veins and capillaries)
  • Airway tree (consists of air-filled branching tubes)
52
Q

Which airway in the respiratory system is responsible for the most airway resistance?

A

Trachea. Although its the widest, it has the smallest total cross sectional area and therefore has the highest resistance

53
Q

How does cartilage and smooth muscle change through the airways?

A

Trachea and large bronchi are surrounded by rings of hyaline cartilage and incomplete smooth muscle.

As the airways become smaller, cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle

54
Q

In the upper respiratory tract the epithelium is pseudo stratified, columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells. What is the epithelium like in bronchioles?

A

Simple (not pseudostratified) ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells are sparse.

55
Q

What type of epithelium is in the alveolar ducts ?

A

Flattened epithelium

56
Q

Alveolar cells contain pneumocytes. What are type 1 pneumocytes?

A
  • Very thin cells used for gaseous exchange. They make up 40% of number of alveoli cells, but 90% of surface area lining the alveoli.
  • They are flattened with flattened nuclei and are joined by tight junctions.
  • few organelles, very thin, therefore efficient gas exchange
57
Q

What are type 2 pneumocytes ?

A
  • Type of alveolar cell that secrete surfactant.
  • They represent 60% of total alveolar cells but only 5-10% of surface area lining alveoli.
  • They are round and contain many mitochondria
58
Q

Alveoli type 2 cells produce surfactant. What is this?

A

Detergent which reduces alveolar surface tension preventing collapse during expiration.

ANATOMY (8 decks)

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