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ANATOMY > Central nervous system > Flashcards

Central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the left hemisphere control?

A

Logic, numbers and language

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2
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A

creativity, imagination and rhythm

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3
Q

What is in the forebrain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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4
Q

What is in the hindbrain?

A
  • medulla
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
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5
Q

What is in the brain stem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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6
Q

What does the midbrain control?

A

higher function eg eye movement and auditory system

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7
Q

What does the pons control?

A

consciousness and posture

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8
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brain stem, and what are the 3 forms?

A

Connected by peduncles

  1. Superior cerebellar peduncle
  2. Middle cerebellar peduncle
  3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle
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9
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

Life-sustaining functions like breathing and heart rate

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10
Q

What does the thalamus in the brain act as?

A

A relay point where all inputs to the CEREBRUM synapse before ascending to cerebral cortex.

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11
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A

Homeostasis

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12
Q

The brain is made up on white and grey matter. The white matter contains axons which connect to cell bodies in the grey matter. Which of the two makes up the cerebral cortex?

A

The grey matter

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13
Q

The cerebral cortex (cerebrum) is involved in higher functions. What are these higher functions?

A
  • intelligence
  • personality
  • interpretation of sensory impulses
  • motor function
  • planning and organisation
  • touch sensation
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14
Q

What is the frontal lobe involved in?

A

Movement, decision making, problem solving and planning

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15
Q

Within the frontal lobe is the pre-central gyrus, otherwise known as the primary motor cortex. What is this involved in?

A

Voluntary motor movements

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16
Q

What is the parietal lobe involved in? (hint - it is known as the somatosensory cortex).

A

receiving and processing sensory information

17
Q

Within the parietal lobe is the post-central gyrus. What is this involved in?

A

Detecting sensory modalities such as touch, temperature, pressure and pain.

18
Q

What is the occipital lobe involved in?

A

Visual processing

19
Q

What is the temporal lobe involved in?

A

memory, emotion, hearing and language

20
Q

The structures of the limbic system are also located within the temporal lobe. What are these?

A
  • olfactory cortex
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
21
Q

The CNS is covered by meninges which physically seriates the CNS from the rest of the body. What are the 3 layers that make up the meninges?

A
  • Inner layer = Pia matter. This is adherent to the brain itself and dips
    down into the sulci
  • Middle layer = Arachnoid matter
  • Outer layer = Dura matter (this is tough)
22
Q

CSF bathes the CNS within the meninges. What cell is the CSF produced and where?

A

Choroid plexus in the ventricles

23
Q

CSF circulates the ventricles and bathes the CNS. CSF is reabsorbed into the venous circulation at specialised points. What are these called?

A

Arachnoid granulations

24
Q

How are the 4 ventricles linked together?

A

Via aqueducts

25
Q

Which vertebral level does the spinal cord stop at in children?

A

L3

26
Q

What is the function of the spinous and transverse process of the vertebrae?

A

Muscle attachment and movement

27
Q

What is the function of articular processes in the vertebrae?

A

Restriction of movement

28
Q

What is the fibrocartilaginous joint ( a symphysis) ?

A

The joint between two adjacent vertebrae formed by the intervertebral disc

29
Q

What do the intervertebral discs contain?

A
  • Annulus fibrosus - outer fibrous ring made of laminae to withstand compression
  • Nucleus pulposus - gel like centre, distributes pressure and acts as a shock absorber
  • layer of hyaline cartilage
30
Q

Where in the spinal cord do nerves enter and leave?

A

Enter through dorsal horn and leave through ventral horn

31
Q

What is the ventral median fissure?

A

a deep groove found on the ventral side of the spinal cord. Used as a landmark to show which side is anterior

32
Q

What runs up the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal column - ascending sensory neurones carrying fine touch and proprioception info from the limbs

Lateral column - descending motor tracts from cerebral cortex

33
Q

What runs in the anterolateral fasciculus?

A

Ascending sensory neurones carrying PAIN and TEMPERATURE fibres

34
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture carried out?

A

Below L1 where there is no spinal cord, just spinal nerves. This area is called the Cauda equina.

35
Q

What does increased white blood cells or increased red blood shows in CSF extracted by lumbar puncture suggest?

A
  • increased WBC = infection such as meningitis
  • increased RBC = brain haemorrhage or stroke

ANATOMY (8 decks)

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