Reproductive System

Question 1

Describe what happens to the ovaries during development

Answer 1

Develop high in posterior abdominal wall and descend before birth, bringing vessels and nerves with them. They stop at lateral wall of pelvic cavity and lie just inferior to pelvic inlet within the peritoneum.

Question 2

Where is oestrogen and progesterone produced and released from?

Answer 2

Ovaries

Question 3

Where does the body of the uterus lie?

Answer 3

On the superior surface of the empty bladder

Question 4

What are the dimensions of the uterus in a non-pregnant female?

Answer 4

7.5cm long, 5cm broad and 2cm thick

Question 5

What are the 3 layers of the body of the wall of the uterus ?

Answer 5

• Perimetrium (connective tissue)
• Myometrium (smooth muscle)
• Endometrium (mucous lining )

Question 6

The uterus has no skeletal support. What does it rely on to main its position?

Answer 6

Muscles eg pelvic floor muscles

Connective Tissue eg uterosacral ligaments

Question 7

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 7

When the conceptus is implanted in places other than the uterus eg uterine tubes, an ectopic pregnancy occurs. The pregnancy does not progress.

Question 8

What type of epithelium is present at the internal and external os of the cervix in adults?

Answer 8

Internal os (at the superior opening of the cervix) is squamous epithelium

External os is stratified epithelium

Question 9

What happens to the cells in the cervical epithelium during adolescence?

Answer 9

The cervix everts slightly which brings the squamous epithelium of the cervical canal into contact with the vaginal acid. This change in PH causes the squamous epithelium to change to stratified as stratified is more protective. The external os has stratified epithelium.

Question 10

What does CIN stand for and what are the 3 stages?

Answer 10

Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia.

stage 1 - mild and unlikely to develop to cancer
stage 2 - 50% chance of cancer
stage 3 - severe and encompasses the first stage of cervical cancer

Question 11

What is it called where the vagina recesses around the cervix?

Answer 11

Vaginal Fornices. There is a posterior and anterior fornix.

Question 12

What is a speculum in a vagina used for?

Answer 12

To dilate the vaginal canal, especially in cervical screening

Question 13

What is the vulva and what is it made up of ?

Answer 13

The vulva is the external genitalia of the female.

It is made up of
- clitoris (the glans is the external part)
- Labia majora and minora
- various skin folds
- Vestibule

Question 14

The clitoris is made up of body and glans. Where are the body and glans each formed?

Answer 14

Body- crura of the clitoris
Glans - Bulbs of the vestibule

Question 15

What is the prepuce (clitoral hood) made of ?

Answer 15

the ventral aspect of the labia minora which envelopes around the clitoris.

Question 16

What is the difference between labia majora and labia minora?

Answer 16

Labia majora are hair lined folds

labia minora are hairless folds.

Question 17

What is the vestibule in the vagina?

Answer 17

The depression between the two labia minora where the vaginal and urethra openings are.

Question 18

Where do the ovaries lie?

Answer 18

Within the peritoneum

Question 19

Testes are covered by a fibrous coat, what is this called?

Answer 19

Tunica Albuginea

Question 20

What is the thick fluid that seminal vesicles produce and what does it protect?

Answer 20

Alkaline fluid protects sperm from acidic nature of urethra and vagina

Question 21

Seminal vesicles produce alkaline fluid. What else is present in the alkaline fluid?

Answer 21

1. Fructose
2. Prostaglandins
3. Coagulation factors

Question 22

What happens to the epithelial cell height from the head to tail of epididymis (part of testes) ?

Answer 22

Epithelial cell height decreases

Question 23

What does the length of the epididymis act as ?

Answer 23

Storage and maturation site for sperm

Question 24

What is the tunica vaginalis ?

Answer 24

outermost double layer of connective tissue surrounding the testes.

Visceral layer is the inner layer which surrounds testes, epididymis and inferior part of ductus deferens closely

Parietal layer is the outer layer which extends further superiorly than the visceral layer and reaches the distal spermatic cord.

Question 25

Describe the inside of testes.

Answer 25

• Internal, each testis is divided into lobules by fibrous septa
• Coil seminiferous tubules lie within the lobules
• The tubules open into a network of channels called the Rite testis. Efferent ductules join the rete testis to the epididymis.

Question 26

What is the spermatic cord covered by?

Answer 26

• internal spermatic fascia
• cremasteric fascia
• external spermatic fascia

Question 27

What does the spermatic cord consist of ?

Answer 27

• The ductus deferens carrying sperm
• blood vessels
• sympathetic and somatic nerves
• lymphatic vessels

Question 28

What two ducts form the ejaculatory duct?

Answer 28

Duct of the seminal vesicle and the ductus deferens.

Question 29

Where do the seminal vesicles lie?

Answer 29

posteroinferior to bladder, antieror to rectum and inferior to peritoneum.

Question 30

Which is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system?

Answer 30

Prostate gland

Question 31

Where does the bulbourethral gland lie ?

Answer 31

It lies immediately inferior to the prostate gland at the level of the membranous urethra

Question 32

What are the erectile tissue found throughout the penis?

Answer 32

Corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosa

Question 33

What does the frenulum of the penis do?

Answer 33

connects the skin of the body of the penis to the glans penis

Question 34

What are the ovaries suspended in?

Answer 34

Mesovarium

Question 35

What is the prostatic fluid like?

Answer 35

Thin and milky

Question 36

What is the fluid like from bulbourethral glands?

Answer 36

transparent and viscous. It adds volume to semen. They produce what is known as the pre ejaculate which flushes out the urethra and acts as a lubricant.