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Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Components of the Urinary Tract?

A
  • Kidney
  • Uretra
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

What are the Functions of the Kidney?

A
  • Elimination of nitrogenous waste e.g. urea and other metabolic waste
  • Elimination of toxins
  • Maintenance of appropriate salt concentrations - osmoregulation
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Regulation of pH level in the blood
  • Regulation of vitamin D activity and calcium levels
  • Release of erythropoietin (hormone that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow)
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3
Q

Where are the kidneys positioned?

A
  • Lie just under and closely attached to lumbar hypaxial muscle
  • Left further back “left behind”
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4
Q

Describe the Kidney Structure

A
  • Bean shape
  • Capsule
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
  • Pelvis
  • Renal Artery and Vein
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5
Q

Why is the kidney bean shaped?

A

The indentation is the hilum and blood vessels, nerves, ureters enter/leave here

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6
Q

What is the Capsule?

A

Irregular dense fibrous connective tissue

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7
Q

What is the Cortex?

A

This contains Bowman’s capsules and convoluted tubules

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8
Q

What is the Medulla?

A

Contains collecting ducts and loop of Henle

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9
Q

What does the Pelvis do?

A

Whitish, fibrous connective tissue - urine drains into pelvis and enters ureter

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10
Q

The Renal Artery and Vein Provide how much Cardiac Output to the two Kidneys?

A

1/4

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11
Q

What is the Nephron?

A

Tubule + Associated Blood Vessels

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12
Q

What are the Components of the Nephron?

A
  • Bowman’s Capsule
  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal Convoluting Tubule (DCT)
  • Collecting Ducts
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13
Q

What is the function of the Bowman’s Capsule?

A
  • Plasma filtered – high pressure in leaky glomerulus sitting in Bowman’s capsule made of leaky podocytes → ultrafiltrate
  • Most components filtered (NOT big proteins)
  • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) = volume of filtrate formed
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14
Q

What is the function of the PCT?

A
  • Active uptake into blood (reabsorption) of Na+. Water follows by osmosis (70% water and Na + reabsorbed)
  • Most bicarbonate (HCO3-) reabsorbed in exchange for H+ - acid-base balance
  • All glucose and amino acids reabsorbed
  • Some wastes e.g. creatinine not reabsorbed
  • Some toxins (e.g. histamine) and drugs (e.g. penicillin) secreted into filtrate here
  • Vit D converted to active form
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15
Q

What is the function of the Loop of Henle?

A
  • To make medulla tissue very concentrated in salt
  • Works with collecting duct to fine tune final volume of urine (see later)
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16
Q

What is Aldosterone and what does it do?

A
  • A hormone (produced in adrenal cortex)
  • Action:
    1. Retain sodium
    2. Excrete potassium in urine
17
Q

What is the function of the DCT?

A
  • Fine tuning of sodium levels – controlled by aldosterone. Helps to maintain blood pressure
  • Fine tuning of pH
  • Fine tuning of calcium levels: calcium reabsorbed under control of parathormone from parathyroid glands
18
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Anti - Diuretic Hormone

19
Q

What is the function of the Collecting Ducts in relation to ADH?

A
  • ADH Present - Collecting Duct is permeable to water and a small volume of urine is produced
  • No ADH Present - Collecting Duct is NOT permeable to water and large volume of urine is produced
20
Q

What is Erythropoetin ?

A
  • Hormone which acts in bone marrow to promote production of RBC
  • Produced by cells in kidney cortex in response to low oxygen levels in blood
21
Q

Describe the Structure and Function of Ureters

A
  • Urine collects in renal pelvis of kidney
  • Urine leaves each kidney by single ureter at hilum
  • Smooth muscle in wall – moves urine to bladder
  • Transitional epithelium
  • Each ureter opens into bladder
22
Q

Describe the structure and function of Bladders

A
  • Pear-shaped hollow organ
  • Collects and stores urine
  • When empty mainly within pelvis, when full ventral surface touches abdominal floor
  • Ureters enter bladder close to neck
23
Q

What is Transitional Epithelium?

A
  • Specialised, stratified (layered) epithelium lining urinary system which can change shape depending on degree of distension.
24
Q

When the Bladder is empty, what do the Transitional Epithelium cells look like?

A

Cuboidal

25
Q

When the Bladder is full, what do the Transitional Epithelium cells look like?

A

Squamous

26
Q

What is the Bladder Sphincter?

A

A muscular structure that regulates the outflow of urine from the bladder into the urethra

27
Q

Describe the Bladder Sphincter Structure

A
  • Has 2 parts:
    1. Internal sphincter - smooth muscle and involuntary control
    2. External sphincter - striated muscle and voluntary control
    see notes to see difference in male and female
28
Q

Describe Urine Storage

A

Sympathetic Nerves:
- Detrusor muscle relaxes so bladder can fill
- Bladder sphincter contracts to stop urine leakage

29
Q

Describe Urine Expulsion

A
  • Full bladder: stretch receptors in smooth muscle of bladder wall stimulated
  • Nerve impulses to spinal cord
  • Parasympathetic nerves (contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of internal bladder sphincter)
  • If inappropriate, brain keeps external sphincter shut
  • Urine expelled when both sphincters relax
30
Q

Describe the structure and function of the Urethra and the difference between Male and Female

A
  • Tube conveying urine from bladder to outside
  • Female - short tube // joins vagina to form vestibule
  • Male - long tube // 2 parts – pelvic urethra and penile urethra

Anatomy (9 decks)

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