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Anatomy > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 classifications of the nervous system?

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Sensory and motor neurons

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A
  • Sensory
  • Motor
  • Interneurons
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5
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Receptors embedded in the skin, organs and muscles which transmit signals to interneurons

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6
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons that transmit signals between other neurons

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7
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Neurons with long axons to extend and send a signal to effectors, such as muscles and glands

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8
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Many schwaan cells, which allow a faster conduction than non-myelinated neurons

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9
Q

What is the membrane potential?

A

Electrical difference between the inside and outside of the cell

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10
Q

What is a resting potential?

A

Sodium pumps sodium ions outside the cell via ATP, so the inside of the cell becomes negative

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11
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Sodium channels open and sodium ions rush inside the cell, so the inside of the cell becomes positive.

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12
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between two neurons, where neurotransmitters are released to cause a specific effect

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13
Q

What are the 3 areas of the brain?

A
  • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain
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14
Q

What does the forebrain consist of?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Olfactory bulbs
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
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15
Q

What is the hindbrain consist of?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
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16
Q

What does the cerebrum of the forebrain do?

A
  • Conscious awareness of sensory input
  • Controls all voluntary actions
  • Personality
  • Memory
  • Learning
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17
Q

What does the olfactory bulbs of the forebrain do?

A

Relay smell data to cerebrum

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18
Q

What does the thalamus of the forebrain do?

A

Relays data from special data to cerebrum

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19
Q

What does the hypothalamus of the forebrain do?

A
  • Links the endocrine and nervous system together
  • Maintains homeostasis
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20
Q

What does the cerebellum of the hindbrain do?

A

Controls balance and coordination

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21
Q

What does the brainstem of the hindbrain do?

A

Controls vital functions such as respiratory rate, heart rate, swallowing and vomiting

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22
Q

What are the 4 things that protect the brain?

A
  • Cranium
  • Meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Blood brain barrier (BBB)
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23
Q

What are meninges?

A
  • Protective layers made up of connective tissue membranes around the brain, which has cerebrospinal fluid between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
24
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A
  • Dura mater: tough membrane
  • Arachnoid mater: thinner membrane
  • Pia mater: delicate membrane covering brain
25
Q

What is the blood brain barrier and what does it do?

A
  • Neuroglial cells that surround capillaries to make them not leaky
  • Protects the brain from harmful substances and infections
  • Permeable to oxygen and glucose
26
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A
  • A cord that exits the skulls and runs inside the vertebral canal, giving off pairs of spinal nerves and the splits into several nerves called the cauda equina
  • Grey matter: cell bodies and unmyelinated fibres
  • White matter: myelinated fibres, ascending and descending tracts
27
Q

What are the 3 things that protect the spinal cord?

A
  • Vertebrae
  • Meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
28
Q

How do meninges protect the spinal cord?

A

Space between the vertebrae and dura mater are filled with fat and capillaries

29
Q

What are sensory neurons that are classed as conscious?

A

Neurons that relate the animal to the environment

30
Q

What are sensory neurons that are classed as unconscious?

A

Neurons that monitor digestion and metabolism

31
Q

What are motor neurons that are classed as conscious?

A

Neurons that regulate body movement by control of skeletal muscle

32
Q

What are motor neurons that are classed as unconscious?

A

Neurons that are autonomic in the smooth and cardiac muscles as well as glands

33
Q

How many major cranial nerves (mnemonic) are they?

A

12

34
Q

What is the I nerve?

A

Olfactory

35
Q

What is the II nerve?

A

Optic

36
Q

What is the III nerve?

A

Oculomotor

37
Q

What is the IV nerve?

A

Trochlear

38
Q

What is the V nerve?

A

Trigeminal

39
Q

What is the VI nerve?

A

Abducens

40
Q

What is the VII nerve?

A

Facial motors

41
Q

What is the VIII nerve?

A

Vestibulocochlear/Auditory

42
Q

What is the IX nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal

43
Q

What is the X nerve?

A

Vagus

44
Q

What is the XI nerve?

A

Accessory

45
Q

What is the XII nerve?

A

Hypoglossal

46
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

Spinal nerves C6, C7, C8, T1, and T2 which supply the foreleg

47
Q

What is the lumbosacral plexus?

A

Spinal nerves L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, S1, and S2, which supply the hindleg

48
Q

What is a radial nerve paralysis caused by?

A

Fracture of humerus and stretching of the brachial plexus

49
Q

What is tibial nerve paralysis causes by?

A

A broken pelvis, which may damage the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve

50
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Position sense which is controlled by the somatic nervous system

51
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Unconsciously controlled motor nerves that supply cardiac msucle, visceral (smooth) and glandular tissue
  • Consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic
52
Q

What nerves are controlled by the parasympathetic system?

A

Cranial, vagus and sacral nerves

53
Q

What nerves are controlled by the sympathetic system?

A

Spinal nerves T1-L5, including the chain going up to the neck and the pelvis

54
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic system?

A
  • Increased heart and respiratory rate
  • Dilated pupils
  • Constricted blood vessels
  • Inhibited digestion
55
Q

What are the effects of the parasympathetic system?

A
  • Decreased heart and respiratory rate
  • Constricted pupils
  • Dilated blood vessels
  • Stimulated digestion
56
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A protective involuntary response to noxious stimuli

57
Q

What are the clinical uses of using a reflex arc?

A
  • Pedal (withdrawal reflex)
  • Tendon stretch
  • Perineal (anus twitches if touched)
  • Palpebral (tapping eyelid)
  • Corneal (touching corneal of the eye)
  • Pupillary light reflex (pen touch: dim light = pupils bigger, bright light = pupils smaller

Anatomy (9 decks)

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