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AP2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What system varies the concentration of urine?

A

Medullary countercurrent system

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2
Q

What is the range in osmolarity in urine?

A

100-1200

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3
Q

What is osmolarity of urine when body is in perfect balance?

A

300

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4
Q

What is rate of 300 mOsm

A

1 ml/min

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5
Q

What is osmolarity of hypotonic urine

A

Less than 290

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6
Q

Rate of excretion if over hydrated

A

25ml/min

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7
Q

What is osmolarity of urine with dehydration

A

Greater than 290-300

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8
Q

Rate of urine production if dehydrated

A

0.3 ml/min

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9
Q

True/false: osmotic gradient in renal medulla persists and allows reabsorption of h2o regardless of hydration

A

True

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10
Q

Where is the highest osmotic gradient in kidney?

A

Medulla near renal pelvis

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11
Q

What structure creates osmotic gradient?

A

Juxtamedullary loops of henle

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12
Q

What part of all nephrons use the osmotic gradient to vary h2o concentration?

A

Distal tubules and Collecting ducts

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13
Q

What is descending loop permeable to?

A

H20

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14
Q

What is descending loop NOT permeable to?

A

Na+

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15
Q

What is ascending loop permeable to?

A

Na+

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16
Q

What is ascending loop NOT permeable to?

A

H20

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17
Q

What will raise osmolarity of interstitial space of medulla?

A

Sodium

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18
Q

What is osmolarity of urine in ascending loop?

A

100

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19
Q

If no more h20 is reabsorbed in distal and collecting duct, what is osmolarity of urine?

A

100

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20
Q

If h20 is reabsorbed at distal and collecting, what is max osmolarity of urine?

A

1200

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21
Q

What is another name for vasopressin?

A

ADH

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22
Q

Where is AHD produced?

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

Posterior pituitary

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24
Q

What does ADH bind to in kidneys?

A

Receptors at epithelial cells in distal and collecting duct

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25
Q

What type of system does ADH act through?

A

2nd messenger

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26
Q

What does ADH increase in renal cells?

A

Cyclic AMP

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27
Q

What does cyclic amp increase in renal cells do?

A

Increases # of lumenal Aquaporins

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28
Q

What does an increase in ADH do?

A

Increases concentration of urine because is causes more h20 to be absorbed

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29
Q

True/false: ADH cause h20 reabsorption independent of Na+

A

True

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30
Q

Kidneys play a part in long term regulation of plasma volume. This affects what long term?

31
Q

Decrease in Na does what to ECF (plasma) volume

A

Decreases it

32
Q

How does body monitor plasma volume?

A

By BP regulation

33
Q

What sensory receptors monitor BP

A

Baroreceptors

34
Q

What 2 baroreceptors monitor short term regulation (few minutes) of BP?

A

Aortic arch
Carotid sinus

35
Q

Which baroreceptors monitor long term BP regulation?

A

Renal baroreceptors

36
Q

Why can renal baroreceptors monitor BP long term?

A

They never adapt to BP change; have a set point

37
Q

Where are renal baroreceptors located?

A

Juxtamedullary apparatus

38
Q

How do kidneys regulate blood pressure?

A

By controlling blood volume

39
Q

How do kidneys control blood volume?

A

By controlling sodium

40
Q

What part of JXA sense pressure of afferent arteriole and monitors BP constantly?

A

Granular cells

41
Q

If BP decreases, what enzyme do granular cells release to increase blood volume?

42
Q

What does renin do?

A

Converts a protein produced by liver (angiotensinogen) to angiotensin 1

43
Q

What is angiotensin 1?

44
Q

Is angiotensin 1 active?

45
Q

What converts A1 to A2?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

46
Q

Where are high levels of ACE found?

A

Organs (Lungs)

47
Q

Is A2 active hormone?

48
Q

What does A2 do?

A

Increases blood Na+ and volume

49
Q

What is considered the rate limiting enzyme in the production of A2?

50
Q

How does A2 increase Na+ absorption?

A

Acts on adrenal cortex to make aldosterone

51
Q

How does aldosterone increase plasma volume?

A

Increases Na+ absorption on distal and collecting

52
Q

How does vasoconstriction from A2 affect plasma volume?

A

1) Raise systemic BP
2) decrease urine production

53
Q

3rd way A2 increases plasma volume

A

Enhances auto regulation system to decrease GFR

54
Q

Does A2 stimulate Na/H exchangers in proximal to increase net Na+?

55
Q

5th way A2 increases plasma volume

A

Stimulates thirst and ADH release in hypothalamus

56
Q

Summary of how A2 changes plasma volume

A

1) increases Na+ reabsorption
2) decreases GFR
3) increase h20 intake and absorption

57
Q

2 elements that control body water

A

1) kidneys
2) thirst

58
Q

True/false: control of h20 thru kidneys and thirst is a negative feedback loop

59
Q

Where does negative feedback of water control start

A

Hypothalamus

60
Q

Part of brain near hypothalamus that sense plasma composition

A

Circumventricular organs (CVO)

61
Q

What are 2 Central Osmo Receptors

62
Q

If plasma is too concentrated, what does hypothalamus release from posterior pituitary

63
Q

What does ADH do at distal and collecting

A

Increase H20 reabsorption

64
Q

What is plasma osmolarity threshold to release ADH

65
Q

What happens if plasma osmolarity falls below 280?

A

ADH gets shut off and dilute urine is produced

66
Q

What percent increase above 280 in plasma osmolarity will trigger release of more ADH

67
Q

What do SFO and OVLT increase if plasma osmolarity increases

68
Q

What part of brain control’s sympathetic nerve activity output

A

Brain stem

69
Q

Thirst and ADH get stimulated by

A

Osmolarity increase
BP decrease

70
Q

Where is ADH metabolized in body?

71
Q

If liver is diseased, what happens to rate of ADH breakdown?

A

It is diminished and plasma ADH increases (bad)

72
Q

How does pain, fear, trauma affect plasma osmolarity?

A

Increase sympathetic activation and inappropriate release of
ADH

73
Q

What does alcohol consumption do that affects plasma is osmolarity?

A

Decreases ADH production
Increases dehydration

AP2 (10 decks)

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