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AP2 > Introduction And Cell Biology > Flashcards

Introduction And Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest form to replicate on its own

A

Cell

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2
Q

How many cell types in human body?

A

200+

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3
Q

Has 2 layers of phospholipid molecules

A

Cell membrane

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4
Q

Is phosphate head in the cell membrane hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

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5
Q

What can travel easily through cell membrane?

A

H20, CO2

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6
Q

What needs protein channels to travel across cell membrane?

A

Glucose and sugars

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7
Q

Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments are proteins that form what in the cell?

A

Cytoskeleton

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8
Q

what is intracellular fluid with Na and K?

A

Cytosol

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9
Q

Organelles with cytosol

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Contains genetic material in cell

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

Like “books” in nucleus

A

Genes

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12
Q

Like words in the books in the nucleus

A

DNA

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13
Q

DNA is one long molecule that coils around proteins called

A

Histones

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14
Q

Tightly folded DNA is called a

A

Chromosome

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15
Q

Many chromosomes that form a shapeless mass of DNA in the nucleus is called

A

Chromatin

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16
Q

What does DNA have to be transcribed into to make a particular protein?

A

RNA

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17
Q

What use MRNA copies to make a protein?

A

Ribosomes

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18
Q

What structure inside the nucleus makes ribosomes?

A

Nucleolus

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19
Q

What is the nucleolus made of?

A

RRNA + proteins

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20
Q

What is called the “workshop” in the nucleus?

A

Nucleolus

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21
Q

What is made when a ribosome converts a string of MRNA?

A

Amino acid

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22
Q

The process for making an amino acid is called what?

A

Translation

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23
Q

A sequence of 3 bases which code for a specific amino acid.

A

Codon

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24
Q

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Translates MRNA into a protein

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25
Q

What makes the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough?

A

Ribosomes

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26
Q

What in the cell makes lipids, like cholesterol and phospholipids

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

What takes proteins, lipids and hormones and stores them in a vesicle in the cell?

A

Golgi apparatus

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28
Q

What type of vesicle moves within the cell?

A

Transport

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29
Q

What type of vesicle moves molecules out of the cell?

A

Secretory

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30
Q

Energy source in cell

A

Mitochondria

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31
Q

When glucose in cytoplasm goes through glycolysis, what is made?

A

ATP

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32
Q

What is formed during glycolysis when 6-carbon glucose is cleaved into 2 halves?

A

Pyruvate

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33
Q

During citric acid cycle, one glucose yields how many ATP?

A

32

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34
Q

What does citric acid cycle need to form ATP?

A

Oxygen (aerobic)

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35
Q

What is another name for Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Kreb’s Cycle

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36
Q

When mitochondria use medium-sized fatty acids for fuel in the absence of enough glucose

A

Beta oxidation

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37
Q

In a phospholipid, the head is made of?

A

Phosphate

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38
Q

What is the tail of a phospholipid made of?

A

Fatty acid

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39
Q

Skeleton of a phospholipid is made of?

A

Glycerol

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40
Q

What cannot freely pass through cell membrane?

A

Highly polar, charged molecules (Na, K, Cl)

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41
Q

Cholesterol keeps cell membrane from getting what in low temperatures?

A

Brittle

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42
Q

True/false: Cholesterol keeps the cell membrane together in high temperatures

A

True

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43
Q

Which cell has high level of cholesterol in its membrane to keep it durable through wear and temp changes?

A

Red blood cell

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44
Q

Protein that spans across cell membrane

A

Integral

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45
Q

Holds cells to each other

A

Adherens junctions

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46
Q

Example of a cell surface receptor

A

Insulin receptor

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47
Q

H2O molecules travel across a semi permeable membrane that separates 2 solutions

A

Osmosis

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48
Q

Equal concentrations on both sides of a membrane

A

Isotonic

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49
Q

Net zero movement across membrane

A

Equilibrium

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50
Q

More solute than other side

A

Hypertonic

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51
Q

Less solute than other side

A

Hypotonic

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52
Q

3 types of Molecules that can cross cell membrane

A

Small, non-polar (O2)
Small, polar (H2O)
Large non-polar (vitamin A)

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53
Q

2 molecules that can’t cross cell membrane alone

A

Highly polar, charged ions (N, K)
Large, polar (glucose)

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54
Q

What carrier does Glucose use to cross membrane

A

Glucose transporter

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55
Q

How does water pass through membrane?

A

Aquaporins

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56
Q

How does Cl- pass through membrane

A

Chloride channels

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57
Q

Bulk transport processes that need ATP to move high volume of molecules across membrane

A

Endo and exocytosis

58
Q

What is known as “cell drinking”

A

Pinocytosis

59
Q

When white blood cells and macrophages look for debris to “eat”

A

Phagocytosis

60
Q

What part of the cell starts exocytosis?

A

Golgi aperatus

61
Q

True/False: exocytosis requires ATP

A

True

62
Q

3 major molecules that make up extracellular matrix

A

1) adhesive proteins
2) structural proteins
3) proteoglycans

63
Q

Proteins that anchor cells together and to other molecules in ECM

A

Adhesive proteins

64
Q

3 structural proteins

A

1) collagen
2) elastin
3) keratin

65
Q

Most common protein in the body

A

Collagen

66
Q

Protein that resists tension and stretches

A

Collagen

67
Q

3 polypeptide precursor to collagen

A

Procollagen

68
Q

3 strands of twisted procollagen form what?

A

Super helix

69
Q

When ends of super helix are trimmed by enzyme (collagen peptidase), what is formed?

A

Tropocollagen

70
Q

Stacks of tropocollagen form what?

A

Collagen fibrils

71
Q

Bunched up collagen fibrils form what?

A

Collagen fiber

72
Q

Type of collagen that forms skin, bone and tendons

A

Type 1

73
Q

Type of collagen that forms cartilage

A

Type 2

74
Q

Type of collagen that forms mesh work (reticulin) found in liver, lymph and blood vessels

A

Type 3

75
Q

Type of collagen that forms basement membrane that separates different types of cells (eg nerve and muscle)

A

Type 4

76
Q

Protein that helps regain shape

A

Elastin

77
Q

Tough protein in hair and nails

A

Keratin

78
Q

Protein core attached to a sugar chain (GAGs) that cushions and hydrates cells (a lot in cartilage)

A

Proteoglycans

79
Q

3 proteins that make up cytoskeleton

A

Actin
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

80
Q

What part of RNA is eliminated after transcription before translation?

A

Introns

81
Q

Which molecules can cross plasma membrane by simple diffusion?

A

Lipid soluble
Non polar
Hydrophobic

82
Q

The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is identical to which DNA strand?

A

Coding strand

83
Q

Clatherin proteins form a shell around a vesicle in what kind of endocytosis?

A

Receptor mediated

84
Q

Two types of adhesive proteins in cells

A

Intergrins
Cadherins

85
Q

Thinnest protein in cytoskeleton

A

Actin

86
Q

Where are actin filaments in cell located?

A

Below cell membrane

87
Q

WBCs use this to “crawl” in and out of blood vessels

A

Pseudopodia

88
Q

The process that allows WBCs to crawl in/out of blood vessels

A

Diapedesis

89
Q

Thickest structure in cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules

90
Q

A single Microtubule is made up of how many protofilaments?

A

13

91
Q

Act like railroad tracks in the cell

A

Microtubules

92
Q

What is located at base of flagella and cilia that assist movement?

A

Centrioles

93
Q

Where in the body are non-motile cilia located?

A

Rods in eyes

94
Q

Where in body are motile cilia located?

A

Lining of fallopian tubes

95
Q

Part of cytoskeleton that fastens organelles, anchors cells to each other and environment.

A

Intermediate filaments

96
Q

What do type 1 & 2 microfilaments make?

A

Keratins

97
Q

What chops long fatty acids to medium size and creates hydrogen peroxide?

A

Peroxisomes

98
Q

What do peroxisomes do to free radicals that is produced in metabolism?

A

Neutralizes free radicals

99
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

One end of molecule is different than other. (Hydrophobic/hydrophilic)

100
Q

3 types of passive transport

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

101
Q

How do small, non-polar travel down a concentration gradient?

A

Simple diffusion

102
Q

How do larger molecules travel down a concentration gradient across a membrane?

A

Facilitated diffusion via channel or protein carrier

103
Q

2 types of active transport

A

1) primary
2) secondary

104
Q

What does primary active transport need?

A

ATP
Enzymes (ATPase)

105
Q

Example of primary active transport

A

ATPase sodium potassium pump

106
Q

What does secondary active transport use as a source of energy?

A

Energy stored in concentration gradients

107
Q

Example of secondary active transport

A

Sodium glucose transporter (SGLT1)

108
Q

Most common classification of a intermediate filaments?

A

Vimentin (smooth muscle, fibroblasts, WBCs)

109
Q

Which bases in DNA bind to each other?

A

A-T, C-G

110
Q

What are the pyrimidines

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

111
Q

How many H in A-T bond in DNA?

A

2

112
Q

How many H in C-G bond in DNA

A

3

113
Q

What is DNA wrapped 2 times around group of 8 histones called?

A

Nucleosome

114
Q

What is a group of Nucleosomes?

A

Chromatin fibers

115
Q

Loosely packed chromatin fibers used by genes daily?

A

Euchromatin

116
Q

Tightly packed chromatin fibers seldom used by genes

A

Heterochromatin

117
Q

How many DNA molecules in chromatids

A

46

118
Q

First step of DNA to protein

A

Transcription

119
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

Gene is read and copied on individual mRNA molecule

120
Q

How many types of nucleotides on a single strand of DNA

A

4

121
Q

What is coding strand of DNA also called?

A

Sense Strand

122
Q

What is the Template Strand of DNA also called?

A

Anti-sense strand

123
Q

Which strand of DNA serves as the master blueprint

A

Coding strand

124
Q

Which DNA strand has a sequence of complementary nucleotides to coding strand?

A

Template

125
Q

Which direction does coding strand if DNA run?

A

5’ - 3’

126
Q

What is 1st step of transcription?

A

Unpacking of DNA from chromatin

127
Q

What process uses RNA polymerase enzyme to shear H bonds between DNA strands

A

Elongation

128
Q

How many base pairs of are in each “transcription bubble” DNA is unzipped

A

14

129
Q

What does RNA polymerase do to template strand after “unzipping” it?

A

Assembles mRNA molecule

130
Q

In mRNA, what is T base replaced by?

A

Uracil

131
Q

What do ribosomes make proteins out of?

A

Amino acids

132
Q

What is mRNA molecule a mirror image of?

A

Template strand

133
Q

What is starting point for transcription on DNA where RNA polymerase binds?

A

The promoter

134
Q

What do genes code for?

A

Protein

135
Q

What is it when ribosomes assemble proteins from amino acids in cytoplasm?

A

Translation

136
Q

How many nucleo bases (codons) = 1 amino acid

A

3

137
Q

How many combos can 4 nucleotides be combined

A

64

138
Q

What is it called when ribosome grabs mRNA

A

Initiation

139
Q

What is typically a “start codon”

A

AUG

140
Q

what are the stop codons in translation?

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

141
Q

What is it called when ribosome encounters stop codon

A

Termination

142
Q

What brings amino acids to the ribosome?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

AP2 (10 decks)

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