Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP2 > Digestion And Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestion And Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Name layers of digestive tract

A

1) mucosa
2) sub-mucosa
3) muscularis externa
4) serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the secrete and absorb layer of GI tract?

A

Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 layers of muscoa

A

1) epithelial
2) lamina propria
3) muscularis mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the mucus producing cells between epithelial cells of mucosa?

A

Goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True/false: epithelial cells are specialized for selective transport across membrane

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are junctions between epithelial cells tight or leaky?

A

Very tight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Surface of epithelial that faces inward in mucosa

A

Apical or lumenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many membranes must a substance pass through in the epithelium of muscoa?

A

2 (apical and basal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 specialized cells in epithelium

A

1) exocrine
2) endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do exocrine cells release substances?

A

Interior of GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do endocrine cells release substances?

A

Into blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do GI endocrine cells produce?

A

GI specific hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do GI specific hormones do?

A

Regulate and coordinate GI function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do GI exocrine cells make?

A

Digestive enzymes and juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is sub-mucosa made of?

A

Thick layer of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 2 layers of muscularis externa?

A

1) Inner circular muscle
2) Outer longitudinal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does inner circular muscle layer do when it contracts?

A

Decreases diameter of tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does outer longitudinal muscular layer do when it contracts?

A

Shortens the tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True/false: all layers can be found throughout GI tract but vary in thickness based on function

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is purpose of esophagus?

A

Rapid transport from mouth to stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Does the esophagus absorb?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What layer is thickest in esophagus?

A

Muscular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What layer is thin in esophagus?

A

Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is purpose of small intestine?

A

Digest and absorb food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Does food move fast or slow through small intestine?

A

Slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is thickest layer in small intestine?

A

Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is thinnest layer in small intestine?

A

Muscular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What part of GI tract has villi/microvilli?

A

Small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What purpose do villi of small intestine serve?

A

Increase surface area for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are serous membranes surrounding GI tract called?

A

Peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Serous membrane that lines abdominal and pelvic cavities?

A

Parietal peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Serous membrane that lines organs in abdominal cavity?

A

Visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

“Double layer” that connects parietal and visceral to each other and to body cavity?

A

Mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Serous membrane that also acts as a conduit for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels to GI?

A

Mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 4 basic digestive processes?

A

1) motility
2) secrete
3) digest
4) absorb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are 2 movements in motility?

A

1) mixing
2) propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the wave-like movement in GI tract?

A

Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is peristalsis more common vs less common?

A

Stomach vs large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What type of muscles are involved in peristalsis?

A

Both circular and longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of muscle motion is mostly used to mix?

A

Circular “segmenting”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What 2 areas of GI only use one type of motility to mix AND move?

A

1) Stomach
2) Small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What one movement does stomach use to mix and propulse ?

A

Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does small intensities use to mix and propulse?

A

Segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is secreted throughout the gut?

A

Mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What else is secreted into GI tract?

A

Acids
Bile
Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What produces digestive enzymes?

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What produces bile?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Are the liver and pancreas part of the digestive tract?

A

No. Accessory organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What 2 things controls timing of secretions?

A

1) Nervous
2) endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Do secretions start before and after a substance enters GI tract?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the chemical breakdown of food to smallest sub-unit?

A

Digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are 3 categories of food?

A

Carbs
Protein
Fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are two types of carbs?

A

Polysaccharides
Disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is a polysaccharide made of?

A

Long chain of monosaccharides connected by glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the smallest form of a carb?

A

Monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are 3 monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides covalently bonded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are 3 disaccharides?

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Which monosaccharide can be immediately used by the body?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are monosaccharides, galactose and fructose, converted to before the body can use them?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What taste sweet on the tongue?

A

Disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What enzyme breaks down polysaccharides?

A

Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What breaks down lactose?

A

Lactase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What breaks down maltose?

A

Maltase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What breaks down sucrose?

A

Sucrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are long chains of amino acids called?

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What enzymes break down protein?

A

Proteolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What enzymes break down fats?

A

Lypase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are fats made of?

A

3 fatty acids connected by a glycerol backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are fats broken down into?

A

2 free fatty acids + 1 monoglyceride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the most important part of digestion?

A

Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Where does absorption mostly happen?

A

Small intestine (some in large)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

3 non-digestive functions of GI tract

A

1) excretion (waste)
2) fluid/electrolyte balance
3) immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

How much fluid does small intestine reabsorb per day?

A

9-11 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What are lymphocytes and mast cells between epithelial and lamina propria called?

A

GALT (Gut associated lymphatic tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is GALT a subset of?

A

MALT (mucus associated lymphatic tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

If a pathogen gets through MALT, what are phagocytes in liver that will eat it and trigger an immune response?

A

Kupffer Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

True/False: digestion is a very redundant, old system with multiple layers of control

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Can a quadriplegic still digest food?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

The gut regulating digestion on its own is called local control or?

A

Short loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

When brain overrides short loop, it’s called the?

A

Long loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is considered the “3rd branch” of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What does ENS regulate?

A

Gut function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What part of autonomic nervous system is the ENS a division of?

A

Parasympathetic

85
Q

Extremely complex system of post-ganglionic fibers that controls gut and has same number of nerves as spinal cord

A

ENS

86
Q

Who is the controller in the extrinsic long loop?

A

Brain

87
Q

True/false: ENS is the intrinsic neural system of the gut?

A

True

88
Q

ENS operates in what type of feedback loop?

A

Negative (afferent and efferent)

89
Q

2 networks of ENS

A

1) Myenteric
2) Submucosal plexus

90
Q

What network of the ENS regulates motility?

A

Myenteric plexus

91
Q

Where is Myenteric plexus found?

A

Between circular and longitudinal muscles

92
Q

What network in ENS regulates H2O, senses composition, directly controls secretions and indirectly controls motility and absorption?

A

Submucosal plexus

93
Q

Where is Submucosal plexus located?

A

In Submucosa

94
Q

What 2 things influence Extrinsic Control (long loop) of gut?

A

1) Sympathetic nervous system
2) Vagus input (parasympathetic)

95
Q

What part of Extrinsic control inhibits digestion?

A

Sympathetic

96
Q

What part of Extrinsic control promotes digestion?

A

Vagus input (parasympathetic)

97
Q

System of endocrine cells throughout GI tract that release GI hormones?

A

Enteric Endocrine System

98
Q

1st way enteric endocrine system will release hormones

A

Senses change in gut

99
Q

2nd way Enteric Endocrine System releases hormone

A

Instructed by ENS submucosal plexus

100
Q

3rd way Enteric Endocrine System releases hormones

A

Gets instructions from Vagus nerve (only long loop)

101
Q

4th way Enteric Endocrine System can release hormones

A

If instructed by other GI hormones

102
Q

Anticipatory control

A

Extrinsic nervous system

103
Q

How many different amino acids make up proteins

A

20

104
Q

Does food absorption take place in the mouth?

A

No

105
Q

What triggers a wave of peristalsis through the esophagus?

A

Food passing through pharyngoesophageal sphincter

106
Q

What sphincter leads from esophagus to stomach?

A

Gastroesophageal

107
Q

Three regions of stomach

A

Fundus (top)
Body (middle)
Antrum (bottom)

108
Q

Where are pacesetter cells that start peristalsis in stomach?

A

Fundus

109
Q

What is middle stomach used for?

A

Storage of food

110
Q

What part of stomach uses its thick muscle to mix food with digestive juices?

A

Antrum

111
Q

What leads from stomach to duodenum?

A

Pyloric sphincter

112
Q

What is volume of stomach when empty?

A

50 ml

113
Q

How much can stomach expand to when full?

A

20 fold

114
Q

Folds of stomach are called?

A

Rugae

115
Q

When rugae relax to allow for expansion, it’s called?

A

Receptive relaxation

116
Q

What part of ENS controls motility in stomach?

A

Myenteric plexus

117
Q

In Fundus, what happens to pacemaker cells when food is eaten?

A

Depolarization

118
Q

When depolarization of pacemaker cells reach a threshold, what happens?

A

Action potential

119
Q

What does action potential waves from pacemaker cells do?

A

Cause peristalsis

120
Q

Food mixed with digestive enzymes is called?

A

Chyme

121
Q

A small amount of chyme enters duodenum via?

A

Pyloric sphincter

122
Q

Stomach mucosa gastric pits have glands with endocrine and exocrine cells that do what

A

Excrete digestive enzymes and gastric juicers

123
Q

Mucosa of fundus is called?

A

Oxyntic mucosa

124
Q

Mucosa of antrum is called?

A

Pyloric gland area

125
Q

How is mucus produced in Oxyntic gastric glands different from anywhere else?

A

It’s very thick and highly alkaline

126
Q

Why is mucus in Oxyntic mucosa thick and alkaline?

A

To protect epithelial cells from acidic gastric juices

127
Q

What cells in oxcyntic gastric gland make HCl acid and intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

128
Q

What cells in oxyntic gastric gland make pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin)?

A

Chief cells

129
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

Binds to B-12 to help it absorb in end of small intestine

130
Q

How is pepsinogen activated to make pepsin?

A

When it hits stomach acids

131
Q

What is endocrine cell of gastric gland?

A

ECL cell

132
Q

What do ECL cells release?

A

Histamine

133
Q

Why is histamine that is released by ECL cells considered a hormone?

A

Because it’s released directly in bloodstream

134
Q

What does histamine from ECL do?

A

Locally acts on parietal and chief cells to help them release HCl and pepsinogen

135
Q

What is a hormone that acts locally on the gland that secretes it?

A

Paracrine

136
Q

What are endocrine cells of pyloric gland area in antrum?

A

G-cells
D-cells

137
Q

What do G-cells produce?

A

Gastrin

138
Q

What stimulates stomach secretion and motility by acting on chief and parietal cells?

A

Gastrin

139
Q

What do D-cells produce?

A

Somatostatin

140
Q

Decreases gastric secretion and motility when food moves out of stomach; antagonist to Gastrin

A

somatostatin

141
Q

4 phases of gastric secretion and motility (ICGI)

A

1) inter-digestive
2) cephalic
3) gastric
4) intestinal

142
Q

Phase without thought, smell, etc of food

A

Inter-digestive

143
Q

Inter-digestive phase gastric secretion is highest when?

A

Evening

144
Q

Inter-digestive phase gastric secretion is lowest when?

A

Morning

145
Q

What phase of gastric secretion are all cues anticipatory?

A

Cephalic

146
Q

Is there food in GI tract in cephalic phase?

A

No

147
Q

What stimulates secretion/motility in cephalic phase?

A

Smell, taste, chew—anything before food hits stomach

148
Q

Phase when food enters stomach

A

Gastric

149
Q

Gastric phase is short or long loop?

A

Both

150
Q

Final phase of gastric where secretion/motility slow?

A

Intestinal

151
Q

2 triggers of intestinal phase?

A

Food leaves stomach
Food enters duodenum

152
Q

Is intestinal phase short or long loop?

A

Both

153
Q

What does brain trigger in cephalic phase upon smell, thought, taste, etc of food?

A

Vagal stimulation of ENS

154
Q

What secretions are stimulated in cephalic phase?

A

Pepsin, HCl,

155
Q

When food is in stomach in gastric phase, what senses stomach expansion?

A

Submucosal plexus

156
Q

What sensory arm senses food in stomach in gastric phase

A

Vagal afferent

157
Q

What cells sense movement of food from stomach to duodenum?

A

D-cells

158
Q

What factors do D-cells sense?

A

Drop in ph and protein

159
Q

What does gastric emptying depend on?

A

Strength of antral peristalsis

160
Q

What do signals from stomach and duodenum regulate?

A

Gastric emptying

161
Q

What key things does the duodenum sense during gastric emptying?

A

Low pH
Protein
Fats

162
Q

When duodenum senses acid, fat, (hypertonicity, protein, distension) what does it signal to stomach?

A

Slow down

163
Q

What does slowing down motility of stomach signal the release of

A

Bile (liver)
Digestive enzymes and NaHCO3 (pancreas)

164
Q

The presence of what slows gastric emptying the most?

A

Fat (creates bottle neck at duodenum)

165
Q

Where does fat digestion begin and end?

A

Duodenum

166
Q

When mucosal cells of duodenum are triggered, what are the 2 types of responses?

A

Neural
Hormonal

167
Q

What is the neural response of the duodenum?

A

Enterogastric reflex (slow down)

168
Q

What hormones are released by duodenum?

A

CCK
Secretin

169
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Increases enzymes and bile
Slows emptying

170
Q

Secretin triggers release of what?

A

NaHCO3

171
Q

In pancreatic ducts, what cells release digestive enzymes?

A

Acinar cells

172
Q

What hormone targets acinar cells?

A

CCK

173
Q

In pancreatic ducts, what cells release sodium bicarbonate?

A

Duct cells

174
Q

What hormone targets duct cells?

A

Secretin

175
Q

3 pancreatic proteolytic enzymes are

A

1) trypsin
2) chymotrypsin
3) carboxypeptidase

176
Q

Which is first of pancreatic protein enzymes to be activated?

A

Trypsin

177
Q

What activates trypsin?

A

Aminopeptidase

178
Q

Where is aminopeptidase found?

A

Mucosa of small intestine

179
Q

True/false: trypsin activates chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase

A

True

180
Q

What does salivary amylase in mouth break down?

A

Carbohydrates

181
Q

What is antibacterial enzyme in saliva?

A

Lysozyme

182
Q

Where is our only source of lipase made?

A

Pancreas

183
Q

What is bile made of?

A

Alkaline fluid
Organic compounds (salts, lipids..)

184
Q

What does bile do to fat?

A

Emulsifies it

185
Q

What is purpose of making smaller droplets of fat thru emulsification?

A

Increase surface area for lipase action

186
Q

Bile goes from liver through what structure?

A

Bile duct

187
Q

What is sphincter between bile duct and duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

188
Q

If not digesting fat, what happens to sphincter of oddi?

A

Tightly closes

189
Q

Where is backed up bile in duct stored?

A

Gallbladder

190
Q

If we eat fat and protein, what hormone opens sphincter of oddi, contracts gallbladder and stimulates bile production?

A

CCK

191
Q

How much of bile salts get reabsorbed in terminal section of small intestine?

A

50%

192
Q

When small intestine reabsorbs bile salts, where do they go and what do they do?

A

Back to liver and trigger liver to make more bile

193
Q

What kind of feedback loop is bile going back to liver from small intestine and stimulating more bile production?

A

Positive feedback

194
Q

When does positive feedback loop of bile reabsorption/production get shut off?

A

Fat digestion complete
CCK not released
Sphincter shuts
Bile stored in gallbladder

195
Q

3 sections of small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ilium

196
Q

What motility mixes and moves small intestine?

A

Segmentation

197
Q

Propulsion in small intestine is fast or slow?

A

Slow

198
Q

Rate of contractions from high to lower small intestine

A

12/min to 9/min

199
Q

Brush border villi and microvilli increases surface area how much?

A

600 times

200
Q

Structure of villi is specialized for what?

A

Absorption

201
Q

Smallest form of absorbable fat

A

Micelle

202
Q

What is reabsorbed in large intestine

A

Water, salts, etc

203
Q

Two types of movements in large intestine

A

Haustral contractions
Mass movement

204
Q

What type of movement are haustral contractions?

A

Mixing (Slow, segmentation)

205
Q

What type of movement is Mass movement?

A

Strong Propulsive

206
Q

What strongly triggers mass movement?

A

Gastrin

207
Q

If feces enters rectum and distends it, what is triggered?

A

Defication reflex

208
Q

Stretch receptors in rectal wall cause relaxation of what?

A

Internal anal sphincter

AP2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions