Lymphatic And Immune Systems Flashcards
3 purposes of lymphatic system
1) protect
2) maintain fluid levels
3) absorb fat
What do primary lymphoid organs produce?
Lymphocytes
What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs?
1) bone marrow
2) thymus
Name secondary lymphoid organs
Adenoids
Tonsils
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Digestive system
What is lymph?
Clear, watery fluid
How much fluid leaks out of capillaries daily?
20 liters
How much of 20 liters per day is returned back to the blood by the lymphatic system daily?
17 liters
What happens to the 3 liters per day of interstitial fluid that isn’t returned to the blood?
Stays in tissue
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
Around capillaries
Where does right lymphatic duct drain??
Right subclavian veins to superior venae cava
Where is Cysterna chyli
Abdomen
Where does Left thoracic duct drain
Left subclavian, jugular or angle between the two
Where are lacteals found
Small intestine villi
What kind of lymphatic collecting vessels follow veins
Superficial
What kind of collecting lymphatic vessels follow arteries?
Deep
What acts like a little filter and is packaged with immune cells?
Lymph nodes
How big are lymph nodes
mm-cm
Where are major lymph nodes in upper body?
1) cervical
2) posterior mediastinal
3) axilla
4) cubital
Where are lymph nodes in lower body?
1) Lumbar
2) iliac
3) Inguinal
4) popliteal
What is progression of lymph structures
Capillary
Vessel
Trunk
Duct
What 2 things help move lymph through system?
1) smooth muscle in vessels reacting to arterial pulsing
2) skeletal muscle
What are the 2 parts of immunity?
1) innate
2) adaptive
Which type of immunity acts immediately and is non-specific?
Innate
What are the 2 types of barriers of innate immune system?
1) physical
2) chemical
What are examples of physical barriers in innate immune system?
Skin
Cilia
Mucus
Examples of chemical barriers in innate immunity
1) lysozymes in tears
2) stomach acids
3) micro flora
What type of tissue is lymphoid tissue made of
Reticular connective
What is largest secondary lymph organ
Spleen
What is main function of spleen?
Filter blood
What part of spleen is similar to lymph nodes to track pathogens and activate immune reaction?
White pulp
What part of spleen recycles red blood cells?
Red pulp
Where are T-cells matured
Thymus
What do T-cells fight primarily
Viruses and cancer
What do B cells often fight
Bacteria
What 3 cells do tonsils contain
Dendritic
T cell
B cell
What fights non-specific infections, is fast, causes fever and has no memory?
Innate immunity
What has memory, has to be primed, takes a few weeks to form and fights specific antigens
Adaptive immunity
What is hematopoiesis?
Formation of blood cells
What is the parent immune cell made in bone marrow?
Multipotent hematopoietic stem cell
What 2 cells are produced from the parent stem cell?
Myeloid
Lymphoid
What do myeloid cells mainly make?
RBCs, platelets, some WBCs
If made by myeloid cell, what part of immune system is it?
Innate
What is made by lymphoid cells?
Lymphocytes
What part of immunity is made in lymphoid cell
Adaptive
What one innate cell is made by lymphoid cell?
Natural killer (NK)
Myeloid cells make
1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils
4) mast cells
5) monocytes
Most numerous Phagocytic cells; “bouncer cell”
Neutrophils
Phagocytic cell that fights parasites and also cause inflammation and histamine release
Eosinophil
Least abundant myeloid cell that is a non-phagocyte and triggers allergic response
Basophil
Non-Phagocytic myeloid that lives in tissue and is stationary
Mast cell
When monocyte is activated by infection, becomes what?
Macrophage or dendritic cell
True/False:
Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells are phagocytic
True
How does cisterna chyli pull lymph toward heart
Suction
Where do monocytes circulate
Only in blood
Where do macrophages circulate
In tissue only, not in blood
What is similar to a neutrophil but lasts longer?
Macrophage
What is often related to chronic inflammation?
Macrophages
Where are dendritic cells found?
Blood, lymph and tissue
2 Non-phagocytic granulocytes that circulate in blood
Basophils
Eosinophils
3 lymphoid cells
B cell
T cell
NK cell
Adaptive immune response is broken down into these two categories
Active
Passive
2 types of active adaptation
Humoral
Cell-mediated
In what type of active adaptation do B cells secrete antibodies indirectly?
Humoral
When T cells send chemicals to signal neutrophils and macrophages to kill invaders, what type of active adaptation is this called?
Cell-mediated
What are the two types of T cells?
1) Helper
2) cytotoxic
What type of T cells release chemicals that attract other immune cells?
Helper
What type of T cells do the work of killing pathogens?
Cytotoxic
True/false: Helper T cells can differentiate between our cells and foreign ones
True
What do cytotoxic cells use to poke holes in cell membranes?
Perforin
9 small proteins that trigger a cascade of immune response enzymatically
Complement System
First protein of Compliment System
C1
Three outputs of complement system
1) chemotoxins
2) opsonins
3) membrane attack complex (MAC)
Seeks out specific antibody produced by B-cell and recruits other proteins to launch attack.
C1 protein in complement system
When T cells release chemotaxins, what happens?
Macrophages and neutrophils release free radicals
Puts a protein marker on a pathogen
Opsonin
Creates a big hole in a cell membrane (similar to perforin)
Membrane attack complex (MAC)
What part of the immune system is the compliment system?
Innate response
What part of immune system is inflammatory process?
Innate
4 goals of inflammatory process?
1) respond
2) eliminate
3) clear
4) repair
3 types of inflammation
Acute, sub-acute, chronic
Triggers of inflammatory process
External and internal
What are mechanisms of inflammatory response
Vascular - construct/dilate, capillary permeability
Cellular
Clear, thin, watery interstitial fluid
Serous
Blood exudate also called
Sanguinous
Pink, thin, water exudate
Serosanguinous
Thick, opaque, pus exudate
Purulent
A lot of mucus, upper respiratory exudate
Catarrhal
Tissue repairing exudate; also in epicarditis
Fibrinous
5 signs of inflammation
1) red
2) hot
3) pain
4) swelling
5) loss of function
What lymphocytes produce antibodies?
B-cells
Immune cells in lymph nodes that trap and eat pathogens
Dendritic
To activate T lymphocytes and start an immune response, you need a/an…
Antigen presentation
