Genetics, Anatomical Terms, Homeostais Flashcards
Contains DNA
Nucleus
Contains genes
DNA
Blueprint for proteins cell needs to live
Genes
Single nucleus
Most cells
No nuclei
Red blood cells
Multiple nuclei
Skeletal muscle and liver cells
Membrane around nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Liquid inside nuclear envelope similar to cell cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm
Densely packed DNA found in nucleoplasm
Chromatin
Nucleus inside nucleus; makes rRNA and ribosomes
Nucleolus
Makeup of nuclear envelope
Phospholipid bilayer
Next to inside layer of nuclear envelope
Nuclear lamina
What is nuclear lamina made of?
Lamin proteins
What does nuclear lamina look like?
Dense spiderweb
What drapes itself over the nuclear lamina?
Chromatin
Where do substances pass in and out of nucleus?
Nuclear pore
What is the inside layer of the nuclear pore called?
Nuclear complex
What is nuclear complex made of?
Nucleoporins
What does nuclear complex look like?
Basketball hoop with a net
What can easily pass through the nuclear complex?
Small, water-soluble molecules
What cannot pass easily through nuclear complex?
Nucleic acid proteins
What is a long molecule with genetic library for making proteins?
DNA Molecule
What packages the DNA molecule?
Chromatin
2 types of chromatin
1) euchromatin
2) heterochromatin
Type of chromatin that is loosely packed and has genes that are frequently transcribed/translated
Euchromatin
Type of chromatin that is densely packed and rarely transcribed
Heterochromatin
How many separate DNA molecules is chromatin made of?
46
What is a separate DNA molecule called?
Chromosome
What is made when chromosome makes a copy of itself and doubles up into an X?
Sister chromatid
What connects 2 sister chromatids in the middle to form an X?
Centromere
What is formed when sister chromatids split and cell divides to make an exact copy of genetic material?
Daughter cells
What does chromatin look like?
Loopy, continuous fiber
What is the protein that DNA wraps around to form chromatin?
Histone
How many histones get packed together when DNA wraps around them?
8
How many times does DNA wrap around a package of histones?
Twice
What is each package of DNA wrapped around histones called?
Nucleosome
What binds to DNA and helps control activity of genes?
Histones
What contains rDNA?
Nucleolus
What does rDNA get transcribed into?
rRNA
What molecular machine is formed when rRNA folds around proteins?
Ribosome
What is largest structure that can pass through nuclear pore?
Ribosome
What do ribosomes use to make proteins?
mRNA
What does ribosome make from mRNA?
Amino acids
Process that takes a string of amino acids and makes into protein
Translation
Structure that folds proteins into shape for use in and out of cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
All cells in body except reproductive cells are
Somatic cells
What is cell division that makes daughter cells that are almost identical to parent cell?
Mitosis
2 phases of cell cycle
1) interphase
2) mitosis
Longest phase of cell cycle that preps cell for division, carries out cell function and grows/replicates DNA
Interphase
Sub-phases of Interphase
G1
S phase
G2
Which sub phase of interphase is longest?
G1
What does G1 stand for?
Gap or Growth
If any damage to DNA is found at a checkpoint, what is repair phase called?
G0 phase
What does S phase stand for?
Synthesis
What happens in S phase?
DNA replicates
What happens in G2 phase?
Cell makes organelle duplicates for daughter cells
What is it called when 2 daughter cells are produced in somatic cells?
Mitosis
Division of nucleus during mitosis
Karyokinesis
When 2 separate cells form at end of mitosis
Cytokinesis
Sub phases of mitosis
1) prophase
2) metaphase
3) anaphase
4) telophase
Phase of mitosis when nuclear membrane disintegrates and centrosomes form
Prophase
Mitosis phase when chromosomes move to middle of cell and centrosomes cast spindle fibers
Metaphase
Mitosis phase when centrosomes pull sister chromatids apart
Anaphase
Mitosis phase when nuclear membrane forms around chromatid and cell temporarily has 2 nuclei
Telophase
Phase of mitosis when cell membrane pinches in middle to form 2 daughter cells
Cytokinesis
What do daughter cells do once made?
Start new cell cycle or enter G0 phase
Process that makes gametes with 1/2 genetic info of parent cell
Meiosis
Type of cell formed in meiosis
Haploid (23 chromosomes)
Formed when 2 haploid cells fuse together
Zygote (diploid)
2 stages of meiosis
Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2
90% of meiosis occurs in what phase?
Prophase 1
5 sub phases of meiosis prophase 1
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis
Sub phase of prophase 1 in meiosis where nuclear membrane dissolves
Leptotene
2nd stage prophase of meiosis where chromosomes start to pair up
Zygotene
3rd Sub phase of prophase 1 in meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material
Pachytene
4th subphase of prophase 1 in meiosis where paired homologous chromosomes unpair into 2 pairs of chromatids
Diplotene
Last stage of prophase 1 in meiosis where chromosomes separate and crossover occurs
Diakinesis
During Zygotene subphase of prophase 1 when chromosomes bind tightly
Synapsis
4 chromatids that form a pair of chromosomes during Zygotene phase
Tetrad
Phase of meiosis where tetrads go to meta plate in middle of cell
Metaphase 1
Stage of meiosis where tetrads split and are pulled to opposite poles
Anaphase 1
Phase of meiosis that has increase of genetic variability
Anaphase 1
Phases of meiosis 1 that produce 2 haploid daughter cells
Telophase 1 and cytokinesis 1
How is Interphase different in meiosis vs mitosis
In meiosis, chromosomes don’t get replicated during S phase
What happens in meiosis 2
2 haploid daughter cells go thru PMAT to make 4 haploid daughter cells
Process by which genes are turned on or off
Epigenetics
How many cells in body
37 trillion
How many types of different cells in body
200
How is cell type determined?
By type of proteins it carries
What is genetic “wardrobe”
Genotype
What determines which genes are activated
Phenotype
Mechanisms that can selectively activate or turn off genes without modifying nucleotide sequence
Epigenetics
DNA can be locked or released by chemical changes to these
Histones
When acetyl group is added to histone and loosens grip on DNA. Makes it easy to transcribe.
Acetylation
When 1 methyl group is added to histone and is similar to acetylation
Methylation
What happens if 2-3 methyl groups get added to histone
Prevents transcription
Part of DNA where methylation can directly modify it
CpG site
How much of body weight is water
60%
How much of body weight is ICF
40%
How much of body weight is ECF
20% (plasma 5%)
Cations in ICF
K+, Mg++
Anions in ICF
Proteins
Phosphates (ATP)
Cations of ECF
Na+ Ca++
Anions of ECF
Cl- HCO3-
How much of blood is plasma
55%
How much of blood is RBCs, WBCs and platelets
45%
How much of plasma is water
90%
How much of plasma is protein (albumin) and solids
10%
What effect keeps plasma electrically neutral
Gibbs-Donnan effect
Solute concentration in ECF and ICF
Osmolarity
When water flows to side with more solutes
Osmosis
Volume contraction of ECF
Decreased volume
Volume expansion of ECF
Increase volume
No change in concentration of solutes
Isosmotic
Increase in solute concentration in ECF
Hyperosmotic
Decrease in concentration of solutes in ECF
Hypoosmotic
Result from diarrhea
Isosmotic volume contraction
Marathon
Hyperosmotic volume contraction
Adrenal insufficiency
Hypoosmotic volume contraction
Isotonic IV
Isosmotic volume expansion
Eat salty chips
Hyperosmotic volume expansion
Anti diuretic hormone
Hyposmotic volume expansion
