Genetics, Anatomical Terms, Homeostais Flashcards
1
Q
Contains DNA
A
Nucleus
2
Q
Contains genes
A
DNA
3
Q
Blueprint for proteins cell needs to live
A
Genes
4
Q
Single nucleus
A
Most cells
5
Q
No nuclei
A
Red blood cells
6
Q
Multiple nuclei
A
Skeletal muscle and liver cells
7
Q
Membrane around nucleus
A
Nuclear envelope
8
Q
Liquid inside nuclear envelope similar to cell cytoplasm
A
Nucleoplasm
9
Q
Densely packed DNA found in nucleoplasm
A
Chromatin
10
Q
Nucleus inside nucleus; makes rRNA and ribosomes
A
Nucleolus
11
Q
Makeup of nuclear envelope
A
Phospholipid bilayer
12
Q
Next to inside layer of nuclear envelope
A
Nuclear lamina
13
Q
What is nuclear lamina made of?
A
Lamin proteins
14
Q
What does nuclear lamina look like?
A
Dense spiderweb
15
Q
What drapes itself over the nuclear lamina?
A
Chromatin
16
Q
Where do substances pass in and out of nucleus?
A
Nuclear pore
17
Q
What is the inside layer of the nuclear pore called?
A
Nuclear complex
18
Q
What is nuclear complex made of?
A
Nucleoporins
19
Q
What does nuclear complex look like?
A
Basketball hoop with a net
20
Q
What can easily pass through the nuclear complex?
A
Small, water-soluble molecules
21
Q
What cannot pass easily through nuclear complex?
A
Nucleic acid proteins
22
Q
What is a long molecule with genetic library for making proteins?
A
DNA Molecule
23
Q
What packages the DNA molecule?
A
Chromatin
24
Q
2 types of chromatin
A
1) euchromatin
2) heterochromatin
25
Type of chromatin that is loosely packed and has genes that are frequently transcribed/translated
Euchromatin
26
Type of chromatin that is densely packed and rarely transcribed
Heterochromatin
27
How many separate DNA molecules is chromatin made of?
46
28
What is a separate DNA molecule called?
Chromosome
29
What is made when chromosome makes a copy of itself and doubles up into an X?
Sister chromatid
30
What connects 2 sister chromatids in the middle to form an X?
Centromere
31
What is formed when sister chromatids split and cell divides to make an exact copy of genetic material?
Daughter cells
32
What does chromatin look like?
Loopy, continuous fiber
33
What is the protein that DNA wraps around to form chromatin?
Histone
34
How many histones get packed together when DNA wraps around them?
8
35
How many times does DNA wrap around a package of histones?
Twice
36
What is each package of DNA wrapped around histones called?
Nucleosome
37
What binds to DNA and helps control activity of genes?
Histones
38
What contains rDNA?
Nucleolus
39
What does rDNA get transcribed into?
rRNA
40
What molecular machine is formed when rRNA folds around proteins?
Ribosome
41
What is largest structure that can pass through nuclear pore?
Ribosome
42
What do ribosomes use to make proteins?
mRNA
43
What does ribosome make from mRNA?
Amino acids
44
Process that takes a string of amino acids and makes into protein
Translation
45
Structure that folds proteins into shape for use in and out of cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
46
All cells in body except reproductive cells are
Somatic cells
47
What is cell division that makes daughter cells that are almost identical to parent cell?
Mitosis
48
2 phases of cell cycle
1) interphase
2) mitosis
49
Longest phase of cell cycle that preps cell for division, carries out cell function and grows/replicates DNA
Interphase
50
Sub-phases of Interphase
G1
S phase
G2
51
Which sub phase of interphase is longest?
G1
52
What does G1 stand for?
Gap or Growth
53
If any damage to DNA is found at a checkpoint, what is repair phase called?
G0 phase
54
What does S phase stand for?
Synthesis
55
What happens in S phase?
DNA replicates
56
What happens in G2 phase?
Cell makes organelle duplicates for daughter cells
57
What is it called when 2 daughter cells are produced in somatic cells?
Mitosis
58
Division of nucleus during mitosis
Karyokinesis
59
When 2 separate cells form at end of mitosis
Cytokinesis
60
Sub phases of mitosis
1) prophase
2) metaphase
3) anaphase
4) telophase
61
Phase of mitosis when nuclear membrane disintegrates and centrosomes form
Prophase
62
Mitosis phase when chromosomes move to middle of cell and centrosomes cast spindle fibers
Metaphase
63
Mitosis phase when centrosomes pull sister chromatids apart
Anaphase
64
Mitosis phase when nuclear membrane forms around chromatid and cell temporarily has 2 nuclei
Telophase
65
Phase of mitosis when cell membrane pinches in middle to form 2 daughter cells
Cytokinesis
66
What do daughter cells do once made?
Start new cell cycle or enter G0 phase
67
Process that makes gametes with 1/2 genetic info of parent cell
Meiosis
68
Type of cell formed in meiosis
Haploid (23 chromosomes)
69
Formed when 2 haploid cells fuse together
Zygote (diploid)
70
2 stages of meiosis
Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2
71
90% of meiosis occurs in what phase?
Prophase 1
72
5 sub phases of meiosis prophase 1
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis
73
Sub phase of prophase 1 in meiosis where nuclear membrane dissolves
Leptotene
74
2nd stage prophase of meiosis where chromosomes start to pair up
Zygotene
75
3rd Sub phase of prophase 1 in meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material
Pachytene
76
4th subphase of prophase 1 in meiosis where paired homologous chromosomes unpair into 2 pairs of chromatids
Diplotene
77
Last stage of prophase 1 in meiosis where chromosomes separate and crossover occurs
Diakinesis
78
During Zygotene subphase of prophase 1 when chromosomes bind tightly
Synapsis
79
4 chromatids that form a pair of chromosomes during Zygotene phase
Tetrad
80
Phase of meiosis where tetrads go to meta plate in middle of cell
Metaphase 1
81
Stage of meiosis where tetrads split and are pulled to opposite poles
Anaphase 1
82
Phase of meiosis that has increase of genetic variability
Anaphase 1
83
Phases of meiosis 1 that produce 2 haploid daughter cells
Telophase 1 and cytokinesis 1
84
How is Interphase different in meiosis vs mitosis
In meiosis, chromosomes don’t get replicated during S phase
85
What happens in meiosis 2
2 haploid daughter cells go thru PMAT to make 4 haploid daughter cells
86
Process by which genes are turned on or off
Epigenetics
87
How many cells in body
37 trillion
88
How many types of different cells in body
200
89
How is cell type determined?
By type of proteins it carries
90
What is genetic “wardrobe”
Genotype
91
What determines which genes are activated
Phenotype
92
Mechanisms that can selectively activate or turn off genes without modifying nucleotide sequence
Epigenetics
93
DNA can be locked or released by chemical changes to these
Histones
94
When acetyl group is added to histone and loosens grip on DNA. Makes it easy to transcribe.
Acetylation
95
When 1 methyl group is added to histone and is similar to acetylation
Methylation
96
What happens if 2-3 methyl groups get added to histone
Prevents transcription
97
Part of DNA where methylation can directly modify it
CpG site
98
How much of body weight is water
60%
99
How much of body weight is ICF
40%
100
How much of body weight is ECF
20% (plasma 5%)
101
Cations in ICF
K+, Mg++
102
Anions in ICF
Proteins
Phosphates (ATP)
103
Cations of ECF
Na+ Ca++
104
Anions of ECF
Cl- HCO3-
105
How much of blood is plasma
55%
106
How much of blood is RBCs, WBCs and platelets
45%
107
How much of plasma is water
90%
108
How much of plasma is protein (albumin) and solids
10%
109
What effect keeps plasma electrically neutral
Gibbs-Donnan effect
110
Solute concentration in ECF and ICF
Osmolarity
111
When water flows to side with more solutes
Osmosis
112
Volume contraction of ECF
Decreased volume
113
Volume expansion of ECF
Increase volume
114
No change in concentration of solutes
Isosmotic
115
Increase in solute concentration in ECF
Hyperosmotic
116
Decrease in concentration of solutes in ECF
Hypoosmotic
117
Result from diarrhea
Isosmotic volume contraction
118
Marathon
Hyperosmotic volume contraction
119
Adrenal insufficiency
Hypoosmotic volume contraction
120
Isotonic IV
Isosmotic volume expansion
121
Eat salty chips
Hyperosmotic volume expansion
122
Anti diuretic hormone
Hyposmotic volume expansion
