Urinary System Flashcards
The right kidney sits ____ to the left kidney due to the position of the liver
Inferior
Urine is transferred from the kidney to the urinary bladder by the
Ureter
List the major functions of the kidneys?
regulation of acid-base balance, removal of metabolic waste, regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pressure
Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to:
Stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow
The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the:
Hilum
What are the three main regions of the kidney?
renal pelvis, renal medulla, and renal cortex
The functional units of the kidneys are
Nephrons
In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located?
Renal medulla
Urine drains from a major calyx into
Renal pelvis
Describe the shape of the glomerulus.
set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle (shape)
Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus?
Interlobular
What are the two main divisions of the nephron?
Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Simple squamous epithelium is located in the
Descending limb of the nephron loop
Filtrate traveling through the renal tubule travels from the thick ascending limb to the
Distal tubule
The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the
Juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus
Describe the function of tubular reabsorption?
Reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.
What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min?
125
The main force that promotes filtration in a nephron is:
GHP
Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by:
Proteins, such as albumin in the blood
The glomerular filtration rate is defined as:
The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute
What effect does high blood pressure have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the absence of regulatory mechanisms?
GFR will increase
How does the vessel diameter of the afferent arteriole change in order to decrease glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) and restore the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to normal?
The afferent arteriole will vasoconstrict
The myogenic mechanism acts to restore the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing:
Vessel diameter
What do the macula densa cells regulate in their role as part of the tubuloglomerular feedback loop?
Changes in GHP
What will trigger the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) into action?
Low blood pressure
What chemical is necessary for the transformation of angiotensin-I (A-I) into active angiotensin-II (A-II)
ACE
T/F tubular reabsorption is mostly a passive process?
False
Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption?
ADH
T/F ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and the cortical collecting ducts to water.
True
Dilute urine is more likely to be produced when
ADH release is decreased
What is coupled with glucose reabsorption using a symporter in the early part of the proximal tubule?
Sodium ions
The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate:
Blood pH
Water channels, or ____________ enhances obligatory water reabsorption.
Aquaporins
In the ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle), the thick segment is _________________to water but permeable to _________________________.
Impermeable; sodium and chloride ions
Podocytes in fenestrated glomerular capillaries prevent the filtration of large molecules such as:
Albumin
What type of chemical dissociates into ions when placed in water?
Electrolyte
Classify sodium balance in the human body.
Electrolyte balance
Define an acid.
A chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion.
Where do you find fluids that have the greatest concentration of potassium ions?
Cytosol
What best describes hydrostatic pressure?
The force fluids exert against a capillary wall
Which type of extracellular fluid (ECF) solution will cause a cell to gain water?
Hypotonic
Which system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?
Urinary system
How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day?
500 mL
How much water does the average person lose per day?
2.5 L
What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?
Hypothalamus
What is the most potent stimulus of the thirst mechanism?
Osmolarity of the ECF
What type of neuron detects changes in plasma osmolarity?
Osmoreceptor
What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
ECF will increase
What term is used to describe an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid?
Edema
A patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride. Describe a patient who might need this treatment.
Experiencing overhydration or hypotonic hydration
Identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention.
Angiotensin II and aldosterone
An elevated sodium ion concentration is known as:
hypernatremia
What is the most common cause for hypernatremia?
Dehydration
What is most abundant intracellular cation?
Potassium ion
What maintains the potassium ion concentration in the cytosol of cells?
Sodium potassium pump
Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?
Osseus tissue
Why are chlorine ions important?
Involved in the production of stomach acids
Which ions are critical for the activation of some enzymes?
Magnesium
The pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:
Hydrogen ions
Which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys?
Aldosterone
When fewer hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate, how is blood pH affected?
Blood pH decreases
What leads to respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation
A patient has been experiencing prolonged vomiting. Since she has lost many hydrogen ions, you predict her acid-base imbalance to be:
Metabolic alkalosis
For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate?
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Angiotensin-II restores fluid-homeostasis when dehydration occurs due to inadequate fluid intake. Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin-II?
Vasodilation
