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A&P II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The right kidney sits ____ to the left kidney due to the position of the liver

A

Inferior

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2
Q

Urine is transferred from the kidney to the urinary bladder by the

A

Ureter

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3
Q

List the major functions of the kidneys?

A

regulation of acid-base balance, removal of metabolic waste, regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pressure

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4
Q

Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to:

A

Stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow

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5
Q

The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the:

A

Hilum

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6
Q

What are the three main regions of the kidney?

A

renal pelvis, renal medulla, and renal cortex

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7
Q

The functional units of the kidneys are

A

Nephrons

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8
Q

In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located?

A

Renal medulla

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9
Q

Urine drains from a major calyx into

A

Renal pelvis

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10
Q

Describe the shape of the glomerulus.

A

set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle (shape)

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11
Q

Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus?

A

Interlobular

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12
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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13
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is located in the

A

Descending limb of the nephron loop

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14
Q

Filtrate traveling through the renal tubule travels from the thick ascending limb to the

A

Distal tubule

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15
Q

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the

A

Juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus

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16
Q

Describe the function of tubular reabsorption?

A

Reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

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17
Q

What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min?

A

125

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18
Q

The main force that promotes filtration in a nephron is:

A

GHP

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19
Q

Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by:

A

Proteins, such as albumin in the blood

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20
Q

The glomerular filtration rate is defined as:

A

The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute

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21
Q

What effect does high blood pressure have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the absence of regulatory mechanisms?

A

GFR will increase

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22
Q

How does the vessel diameter of the afferent arteriole change in order to decrease glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) and restore the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to normal?

A

The afferent arteriole will vasoconstrict

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23
Q

The myogenic mechanism acts to restore the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing:

A

Vessel diameter

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24
Q

What do the macula densa cells regulate in their role as part of the tubuloglomerular feedback loop?

A

Changes in GHP

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25
Q

What will trigger the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) into action?

A

Low blood pressure

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26
Q

What chemical is necessary for the transformation of angiotensin-I (A-I) into active angiotensin-II (A-II)

A

ACE

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27
Q

T/F tubular reabsorption is mostly a passive process?

A

False

28
Q

Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption?

A

ADH

29
Q

T/F ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and the cortical collecting ducts to water.

A

True

30
Q

Dilute urine is more likely to be produced when

A

ADH release is decreased

31
Q

What is coupled with glucose reabsorption using a symporter in the early part of the proximal tubule?

A

Sodium ions

32
Q

The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate:

A

Blood pH

33
Q

Water channels, or ____________ enhances obligatory water reabsorption.

A

Aquaporins

34
Q

In the ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle), the thick segment is _________________to water but permeable to _________________________.

A

Impermeable; sodium and chloride ions

35
Q

Podocytes in fenestrated glomerular capillaries prevent the filtration of large molecules such as:

A

Albumin

36
Q

What type of chemical dissociates into ions when placed in water?

A

Electrolyte

37
Q

Classify sodium balance in the human body.

A

Electrolyte balance

38
Q

Define an acid.

A

A chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion.

39
Q

Where do you find fluids that have the greatest concentration of potassium ions?

A

Cytosol

40
Q

What best describes hydrostatic pressure?

A

The force fluids exert against a capillary wall

41
Q

Which type of extracellular fluid (ECF) solution will cause a cell to gain water?

A

Hypotonic

42
Q

Which system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?

A

Urinary system

43
Q

How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day?

A

500 mL

44
Q

How much water does the average person lose per day?

A

2.5 L

45
Q

What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

What is the most potent stimulus of the thirst mechanism?

A

Osmolarity of the ECF

47
Q

What type of neuron detects changes in plasma osmolarity?

A

Osmoreceptor

48
Q

What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

ECF will increase

49
Q

What term is used to describe an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid?

A

Edema

50
Q

A patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride. Describe a patient who might need this treatment.

A

Experiencing overhydration or hypotonic hydration

51
Q

Identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention.

A

Angiotensin II and aldosterone

52
Q

An elevated sodium ion concentration is known as:

A

hypernatremia

53
Q

What is the most common cause for hypernatremia?

A

Dehydration

54
Q

What is most abundant intracellular cation?

A

Potassium ion

55
Q

What maintains the potassium ion concentration in the cytosol of cells?

A

Sodium potassium pump

56
Q

Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?

A

Osseus tissue

57
Q

Why are chlorine ions important?

A

Involved in the production of stomach acids

58
Q

Which ions are critical for the activation of some enzymes?

A

Magnesium

59
Q

The pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:

A

Hydrogen ions

60
Q

Which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys?

A

Aldosterone

61
Q

When fewer hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate, how is blood pH affected?

A

Blood pH decreases

62
Q

What leads to respiratory acidosis?

A

Hypoventilation

63
Q

A patient has been experiencing prolonged vomiting. Since she has lost many hydrogen ions, you predict her acid-base imbalance to be:

A

Metabolic alkalosis

64
Q

For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate?

A

Fluid and electrolyte imbalance

65
Q

Angiotensin-II restores fluid-homeostasis when dehydration occurs due to inadequate fluid intake. Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin-II?

A

Vasodilation

A&P II (7 decks)

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