Exam 2 Flashcards
What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure?
Collapse
What primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways?
Diameter of the conducting zone passageways
What product reduces alveolar surface tension?
Surfactant
Bronchodilation may occur in response to?
The sympathetic nervous system
Carbon dioxide has a relatively high solubility in blood plasma although it has a very low partial pressure. What law describes this phenomenon?
Henry’s Law
Which of the following determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
Temperature
Gas solubility in water
Molecular weight of the gas molecule
Partial pressure gradient
Partial pressure gradient
A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports ____ molecules of oxygen?
4
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as this molecule
Bicarbonate ion
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
Carbonic acid
True or False: hypoventilation causes hydrogen ion concentration in the blood to decrease
False
This effect counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the red blood cells
Chloride shift
Respiratory acidosis results from
Hypoventilation
Eupnea is controlled by the
Respiratory pattern generator (RPG)
Five year old Charlie is so mad that he’s holding his breath until he gets his way. What will stimulate his breathing rate to return to normal?
Accumulation of partial pressure of CO2
Mr. Schmitzer has pulmonary fibrosis in which the elastic tissue of his lungs is replaced with dense irregular collagenous connective tissue. His condition primarily affects
Pulmonary compliance
If the ventral respiratory group (VRG) of neurons was destroyed
Breathing would stop
This fact about lung tissue is a factor on which expiration depends
Recoil of elastic tissue in lungs
True or False: The diameter of an alveolus affects the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange
False
What pulmonary gas exchange problems do you expect to see when surface area is lost due to emphysema?
Both hypercapnia and hypoxemia
The coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli is known as
Ventilation-perfusion matching
How is most oxygen transported in the blood?
Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
What would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?
Decreased pH (increased acidity)
Predict what happens to air movement when atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure is 758 mm Hg, and intrapleural pressure is 754 mmHg
Inhalation
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
Greater than atmospheric pressure
Name the organs of the upper respiratory tract
Nose, pharynx, larynx
The process of respiration that moves air into and out of the lungs is
Pulmonary ventilation
What is the function of the goblet cells?
Secrete mucus
List the pathway of the organs through which air travels from the nose to the alveoli, from superior to inferior
Nares, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, branches of bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
What flap of elastic cartilage keeps food and liquids from entering the larynx during swallowing?
Epiglottis
The mucosa of the carina contains sensory receptors that trigger
Coughing
Which organ’s position causes the left lung to be shaped differently from the right lung?
The heart
Air entering the respiratory system travels from the respiratory bronchioles to the
Alveolar ducts
True or false: gas exchange occurs in the tertiary bronchioles
False
The triangular depression in the medial surface of each lung, where blood vessels and the primary bronchi enter is the
Hilum
Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in what zone?
Respiratory zone
Through what openings of the nose does inhaled air enter the upper respiratory tract?
Anterior nares
What is the advantage of breathing through the nose rather than the mouth?
The nose, warms, humidifies and filters inhaled air
True or false: the alveoli are part of the respiratory zone
True
List the basic functions of the lymphatic system
Immune function, regulation of interstitial fluid volume, and absorption of dietary fats
Which organ generates a population of T cells capable of protecting the body from pathogens?
Thymus
Surface barriers, such as cutaneous and mucous membranes, serve the immune system as the
First line of defense
What type of immunity exists even in the absence of a stimulus?
Innate immunity
Sheena’s B lymphocytes (B cells) produced antibodies to protect her about 3 to 5 days after she was exposed to a virus. What type of immunity do antibodies provide?
Acquired immunity
List several surface barriers serving as the first line of defense
Oil, mucus, keratin
What are the primary cells of adaptive (specific) immunity?
Lymphocytes
Which white blood cell (WBC) is a non-phagocytic cell?
Basophil
What organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins known as the complement system?
Liver
List the cytokines involved in innate immunity
TNF, interleukins, interferons
These should NOT elicit an immune response in your own body
Self-antigens
Determine the first phase of the antibody-mediated immune response
B cell clones recognize its specific antigen
What cells secrete antibodies?
Plasma cells
List the five basic classes of antibodies
Ig A, D, E, G, & M
List one process that is NOT a function of antibodies
Phagocytosis
Vaccinations involve exposure to an antigen to elicit
A primary immune response
This natural source of food for infants confers passive immunity
Breast milk
What part of an antibody is responsible for antigen recognition and binding?
V regions
During the second phase of the antibody-mediated immune response, what is formed?
Immunoglobulins
B cells develop and mature in the
Bone marrow
Clonal selection occurs when
B cells are activated
Where do T cells become immunocompetent?
Thymus
True or false: class I MHC molecules present endogenous antigens
True
What initiates T cell activation?
A dendritic cell processing and displaying antigen fragments on its MHC molecule
Activated helper T (TH) cells or cytotoxic T (TC) cell clones differentiate into
Effector cells and memory T cells
What cells are responsible for cell- mediated immunological memory in which the immune response is expedited upon subsequent exposure to an antigen
Memory T cells
Cells that help regulate the immune response are
Helper T cells
What protein, released by cytotoxic T (TC) cells, perforates a target cell’s plasma membrane so that enzymes can enter and fragment the target cell’s DNA?
Perforins
List the cardinal signs of inflammation
Pain, swelling, redness
Mary’s mosquito bite is red, warm, and swollen, indicating she is experiencing the effects of
The inflammatory response
During the second stage of the inflammatory response, what do neutrophils accomplish when they migrate to areas of damage tissue?
Destruction of bacteria and other cellular debris
How long after initial tissue damage does leukocytosis occur?
3 to 4 days
A patient has a high level of pyrogens, indicating that she
Has a fever
What best describes lymphatic capillaries?
Extremely permeable
What is the main role of macrophages present in the lymphatic tissues?
Phagocytosis
Mucosa associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) include the
Tonsils
Fluid found in lymphatic vessels is known as
Lymph
What vessels pick up excess extracellular fluid in the interstitial space and return it to circulation?
Lymphatic vessels
