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A&P II > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure?

A

Collapse

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2
Q

What primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways?

A

Diameter of the conducting zone passageways

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3
Q

What product reduces alveolar surface tension?

A

Surfactant

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4
Q

Bronchodilation may occur in response to?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

Carbon dioxide has a relatively high solubility in blood plasma although it has a very low partial pressure. What law describes this phenomenon?

A

Henry’s Law

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6
Q

Which of the following determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

Temperature
Gas solubility in water
Molecular weight of the gas molecule
Partial pressure gradient

A

Partial pressure gradient

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7
Q

A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports ____ molecules of oxygen?

A

4

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8
Q

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as this molecule

A

Bicarbonate ion

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9
Q

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form

A

Carbonic acid

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10
Q

True or False: hypoventilation causes hydrogen ion concentration in the blood to decrease

A

False

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11
Q

This effect counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the red blood cells

A

Chloride shift

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12
Q

Respiratory acidosis results from

A

Hypoventilation

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13
Q

Eupnea is controlled by the

A

Respiratory pattern generator (RPG)

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14
Q

Five year old Charlie is so mad that he’s holding his breath until he gets his way. What will stimulate his breathing rate to return to normal?

A

Accumulation of partial pressure of CO2

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15
Q

Mr. Schmitzer has pulmonary fibrosis in which the elastic tissue of his lungs is replaced with dense irregular collagenous connective tissue. His condition primarily affects

A

Pulmonary compliance

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16
Q

If the ventral respiratory group (VRG) of neurons was destroyed

A

Breathing would stop

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17
Q

This fact about lung tissue is a factor on which expiration depends

A

Recoil of elastic tissue in lungs

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18
Q

True or False: The diameter of an alveolus affects the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange

A

False

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19
Q

What pulmonary gas exchange problems do you expect to see when surface area is lost due to emphysema?

A

Both hypercapnia and hypoxemia

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20
Q

The coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli is known as

A

Ventilation-perfusion matching

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21
Q

How is most oxygen transported in the blood?

A

Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

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22
Q

What would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?

A

Decreased pH (increased acidity)

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23
Q

Predict what happens to air movement when atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure is 758 mm Hg, and intrapleural pressure is 754 mmHg

A

Inhalation

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24
Q

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

A

Greater than atmospheric pressure

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25
Q

Name the organs of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx

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26
Q

The process of respiration that moves air into and out of the lungs is

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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27
Q

What is the function of the goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucus

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28
Q

List the pathway of the organs through which air travels from the nose to the alveoli, from superior to inferior

A

Nares, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, branches of bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

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29
Q

What flap of elastic cartilage keeps food and liquids from entering the larynx during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

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30
Q

The mucosa of the carina contains sensory receptors that trigger

A

Coughing

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31
Q

Which organ’s position causes the left lung to be shaped differently from the right lung?

A

The heart

32
Q

Air entering the respiratory system travels from the respiratory bronchioles to the

A

Alveolar ducts

33
Q

True or false: gas exchange occurs in the tertiary bronchioles

A

False

34
Q

The triangular depression in the medial surface of each lung, where blood vessels and the primary bronchi enter is the

A

Hilum

35
Q

Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in what zone?

A

Respiratory zone

36
Q

Through what openings of the nose does inhaled air enter the upper respiratory tract?

A

Anterior nares

37
Q

What is the advantage of breathing through the nose rather than the mouth?

A

The nose, warms, humidifies and filters inhaled air

38
Q

True or false: the alveoli are part of the respiratory zone

A

True

39
Q

List the basic functions of the lymphatic system

A

Immune function, regulation of interstitial fluid volume, and absorption of dietary fats

40
Q

Which organ generates a population of T cells capable of protecting the body from pathogens?

A

Thymus

41
Q

Surface barriers, such as cutaneous and mucous membranes, serve the immune system as the

A

First line of defense

42
Q

What type of immunity exists even in the absence of a stimulus?

A

Innate immunity

43
Q

Sheena’s B lymphocytes (B cells) produced antibodies to protect her about 3 to 5 days after she was exposed to a virus. What type of immunity do antibodies provide?

A

Acquired immunity

44
Q

List several surface barriers serving as the first line of defense

A

Oil, mucus, keratin

45
Q

What are the primary cells of adaptive (specific) immunity?

A

Lymphocytes

46
Q

Which white blood cell (WBC) is a non-phagocytic cell?

A

Basophil

47
Q

What organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins known as the complement system?

A

Liver

48
Q

List the cytokines involved in innate immunity

A

TNF, interleukins, interferons

49
Q

These should NOT elicit an immune response in your own body

A

Self-antigens

50
Q

Determine the first phase of the antibody-mediated immune response

A

B cell clones recognize its specific antigen

51
Q

What cells secrete antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

52
Q

List the five basic classes of antibodies

A

Ig A, D, E, G, & M

53
Q

List one process that is NOT a function of antibodies

A

Phagocytosis

54
Q

Vaccinations involve exposure to an antigen to elicit

A

A primary immune response

55
Q

This natural source of food for infants confers passive immunity

A

Breast milk

56
Q

What part of an antibody is responsible for antigen recognition and binding?

A

V regions

57
Q

During the second phase of the antibody-mediated immune response, what is formed?

A

Immunoglobulins

58
Q

B cells develop and mature in the

A

Bone marrow

59
Q

Clonal selection occurs when

A

B cells are activated

60
Q

Where do T cells become immunocompetent?

A

Thymus

61
Q

True or false: class I MHC molecules present endogenous antigens

A

True

62
Q

What initiates T cell activation?

A

A dendritic cell processing and displaying antigen fragments on its MHC molecule

63
Q

Activated helper T (TH) cells or cytotoxic T (TC) cell clones differentiate into

A

Effector cells and memory T cells

64
Q

What cells are responsible for cell- mediated immunological memory in which the immune response is expedited upon subsequent exposure to an antigen

A

Memory T cells

65
Q

Cells that help regulate the immune response are

A

Helper T cells

66
Q

What protein, released by cytotoxic T (TC) cells, perforates a target cell’s plasma membrane so that enzymes can enter and fragment the target cell’s DNA?

A

Perforins

67
Q

List the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Pain, swelling, redness

68
Q

Mary’s mosquito bite is red, warm, and swollen, indicating she is experiencing the effects of

A

The inflammatory response

69
Q

During the second stage of the inflammatory response, what do neutrophils accomplish when they migrate to areas of damage tissue?

A

Destruction of bacteria and other cellular debris

70
Q

How long after initial tissue damage does leukocytosis occur?

A

3 to 4 days

71
Q

A patient has a high level of pyrogens, indicating that she

A

Has a fever

72
Q

What best describes lymphatic capillaries?

A

Extremely permeable

73
Q

What is the main role of macrophages present in the lymphatic tissues?

A

Phagocytosis

74
Q

Mucosa associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) include the

A

Tonsils

75
Q

Fluid found in lymphatic vessels is known as

A

Lymph

76
Q

What vessels pick up excess extracellular fluid in the interstitial space and return it to circulation?

A

Lymphatic vessels

A&P II (7 decks)

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