digestive and reproductive Flashcards
complete this analogy: testes are to gonads as sperm are to
gametes
meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces
gametes
where does sperm production occur within the testes?
seminiferous tubules
sperm in the epididymis travel immediately next to the
ductus deferens
which of the following ducts travels through the prostate?
ejaculatory duct
which male accessory sex glands produce a yellowish secretion containing fructose, prostaglandins, coagulating proteins and enzymes?
seminal vesicle
enlargement of the prostate can constrict the
ejaculatory duct
what is the name of the stem cell that begins the process of spermatogenesis?
spermatogonium
spermiogenesis begins with a _____ and ends with a ____
spermatid; sperm
what is the main female gonad?
ovary
from its proximal end at the uterus it approaches the ovary, the regions of the uterine tube are:
isthmus, ampullae, infidibulum, fimbrae
where does fertilization usually occur?
uterine tube
true or false
the vagina is part of the female external genitalia
false
name the specific cell in the ovarian cycle that can be fertilized
secondary oocyte
places these stages of the ovarian cycle in the correct order
corpus albicans
vesicular (tertiary) follicle
primary follicle
ruptured follicle
primordial follicle
secondary follicle
corpus luteum
primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
vesicular (tertiary) follicle
ruptured follicle
corpus luteum
corpus albicans
in a female, follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) target the
ovaries
estrogens are responsible for
adipose tissue deposits on the hips, breasts, and thighs
damage to the sustentacular cells of the testes could impair
spermatogenesis
what is the maturation process in which spermatids elongate and shed excess cytoplasm?
spermiogenesis
name the main hormone that regulates spermatogenesis
testosterone
what portion of the uterus is composed of smooth muscle and contracts rhythmically during orgasm and childbirth?
myometrium
the reduction in the number of chromosomes to half the normal count occurs during
meiosis
a parent cell has 28 chromosomes and completes meiosis. how many chromosomes result in each cell produced?
14
the fusion of sperm and egg is known as
fertilization
name the uppermost organ of the alimentary canal
esophagus
what is the first process to occur in the digestive system
ingestion
absorption is best described as the
movement of food particles through the wall of the digestive tract
from deep (innermost) to superficial (outermost) the layers of the organs of the alimentary canal are
mucosa
muscularis externa
serosa (adventitia)
submucosa
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa (adventitia)
what separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
hard and soft palate
name the substance that catalyzes carbs in the mouth
salivary amylase
what region of the esophagus is composed of smooth muscle only?
inferior third
what is the main job of the pharynx?
pushing food down the esophagus or propulsion
the first sphincter encountered in the alimentary canal is the
upper esophageal sphincter
which nervous system primarily controls and increases salivation
parasympathetic
when does the prenatal period begin?
conception
what structure implants in, or attaches to, the endometrium of the uterus
blastocyst
the fusion of a sperm cell and secondary oocyte is known as
fertilization
where does fertilization usually occur
ampulla of the uterine tube
what follows immediately after fertilization
process of division called cleavage
after fertilization, a zygote rapidly divides to produce small, genetically identical cells known as
blastomeres
which part of the embryo contributes to the fetal portion of the placenta?
Trophoblast
the 16 cell stage is known as the
morula
which of the following releases hCG
syncytio-trophoblast
in humans, from which extraembryonic membrane will the first blood cells arise?
yolk sac
what process starts at the embryonic period
gastrulation
what derm is the inner germ layer
endoderm
what connects the placenta to the fetus
Umbilical cord
a positive feedback mechanism initiates the rhythmic contractions of labor. determine the hormones involved in this feedback loop
oxytocin and prostaglandins
Krista is having difficulty with the progression of her labor. Her OB administers a hormone to assist with her uterine contractions. This hormone is a synthetic version of
oxytocin
parturition is AKA
childbirth
labor progresses through the following 3 stages
dilation
expulsion
placental
name the phase of the ovarian cycle during which several primary follicles mature into secondary follicles?
follicular stage/phase
What contributes to the fetal portion of the placenta?
Chorionic villi
which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach?
gastrin
which segment of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach?
duodenum
what is the final segment of the small intestine?
ileum
name the structures that increases surface area in the small intestine?
circular folds, microvilli, villi
which modification of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination?
microvilli
which process, known as intestinal churning, involves a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?
segmentation
which nervous system controls the migrating motor complex of the small intestine?
enteric nervous system
at the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the
descending colon
the pancreatic juices transported in the main pancreatic duct are destined for the
duodenum
acinar cells of the pancreas release
cholecytsokinin
which hormone stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
what cells compose the liver lobules
hepatocytes
what liver secretion is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum
bile
what enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose
lactase
Cherise is lactose-intolerant because she produces insufficient amounts of an enzyme called
lactase
what creates the taeniae coli
longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa
which of the following operates voluntarily and is controlled by the cerebral cortex?
external anal sphincter
the first portion of the large intestine is the
cecum
what is the primary effect of gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)
inhibition of acid in parietal cells
what does the gastric pacemaker regulate
churning and peristalsis of the stomach
what is accomplished by the enterogastric reflex
decreases vagal activity and acid secretion of the stomach
the digestion of which food group may be affected by an inadequate amount of stomach acid
proteins
which cranial nerve stimulates acid secretion during the stomach’s gastric phase
vagus
which process is not a main function of the stomach
absorption
what enzyme catalyzes reactions that initiate carb digestion?
salivary amylase
Which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach?
Gastrin
Which segment of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach?
Duodenum
What is the final segment of the small intestine?
Ileum
Name the structures that increases surface area in the small intestine?
Circular folds
Microvilli
Villi
Which modification of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination?
Microvilli
Which process, known as intestinal churning, involves a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?
Segmentation
Which nervous system controls the migrating motor complex of the small intestine?
Enteric nervous system
At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the:
Descending colon
The pancreatic juices transported in the main pancreatic duct are destined for the:
Duodenum
Acinar cells of the pancreas release:
cholecystokinin
Which hormone stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
What cells compose the liver lobules?
Hepatocytes
What liver secretion is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum?
Bile
What enzyme catalyzes reactions that initiate carbohydrate digestion?
Salivary amylase
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose?
Lactase
Cherise is lactose-intolerant because she produces insufficient amounts of an enzyme called:
Lactase
What creates the taeniae coli?
Longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa
Which of the following operates voluntarily and is controlled by the cerebral cortex?
External anal sphincter
The first portion of the large intestine is the:
Cecum
What is the primary effect of gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)?
Inhibition of acid in parietal cells
What does the gastric pacemaker regulate?
Churning and peristalsis of the stomach
What is accomplished by the enterogastric reflex?
Decreases vagal activity and acid secretion of the stomach
The digestion of which food group may be affected by an inadequate amount of stomach acid?
Proteins
Which cranial nerve stimulates acid secretion during the stomach’s gastric phase?
Vagus
Which process is NOT a main function of the stomach?
Absorption
