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A&P II > digestive and reproductive > Flashcards

digestive and reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

complete this analogy: testes are to gonads as sperm are to

A

gametes

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2
Q

meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces

A

gametes

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3
Q

where does sperm production occur within the testes?

A

seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

sperm in the epididymis travel immediately next to the

A

ductus deferens

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5
Q

which of the following ducts travels through the prostate?

A

ejaculatory duct

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6
Q

which male accessory sex glands produce a yellowish secretion containing fructose, prostaglandins, coagulating proteins and enzymes?

A

seminal vesicle

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7
Q

enlargement of the prostate can constrict the

A

ejaculatory duct

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8
Q

what is the name of the stem cell that begins the process of spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonium

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9
Q

spermiogenesis begins with a _____ and ends with a ____

A

spermatid; sperm

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10
Q

what is the main female gonad?

A

ovary

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11
Q

from its proximal end at the uterus it approaches the ovary, the regions of the uterine tube are:

A

isthmus, ampullae, infidibulum, fimbrae

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12
Q

where does fertilization usually occur?

A

uterine tube

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13
Q

true or false

the vagina is part of the female external genitalia

A

false

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14
Q

name the specific cell in the ovarian cycle that can be fertilized

A

secondary oocyte

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15
Q

places these stages of the ovarian cycle in the correct order

corpus albicans
vesicular (tertiary) follicle
primary follicle
ruptured follicle
primordial follicle
secondary follicle
corpus luteum

A

primordial follicle

primary follicle

secondary follicle

vesicular (tertiary) follicle

ruptured follicle

corpus luteum

corpus albicans

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16
Q

in a female, follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) target the

A

ovaries

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17
Q

estrogens are responsible for

A

adipose tissue deposits on the hips, breasts, and thighs

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18
Q

damage to the sustentacular cells of the testes could impair

A

spermatogenesis

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19
Q

what is the maturation process in which spermatids elongate and shed excess cytoplasm?

A

spermiogenesis

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20
Q

name the main hormone that regulates spermatogenesis

A

testosterone

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21
Q

what portion of the uterus is composed of smooth muscle and contracts rhythmically during orgasm and childbirth?

A

myometrium

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22
Q

the reduction in the number of chromosomes to half the normal count occurs during

A

meiosis

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23
Q

a parent cell has 28 chromosomes and completes meiosis. how many chromosomes result in each cell produced?

A

14

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24
Q

the fusion of sperm and egg is known as

A

fertilization

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25
Q

name the uppermost organ of the alimentary canal

A

esophagus

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26
Q

what is the first process to occur in the digestive system

A

ingestion

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27
Q

absorption is best described as the

A

movement of food particles through the wall of the digestive tract

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28
Q

from deep (innermost) to superficial (outermost) the layers of the organs of the alimentary canal are

mucosa
muscularis externa
serosa (adventitia)
submucosa

A

mucosa

submucosa

muscularis externa

serosa (adventitia)

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29
Q

what separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

A

hard and soft palate

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30
Q

name the substance that catalyzes carbs in the mouth

A

salivary amylase

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31
Q

what region of the esophagus is composed of smooth muscle only?

A

inferior third

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32
Q

what is the main job of the pharynx?

A

pushing food down the esophagus or propulsion

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33
Q

the first sphincter encountered in the alimentary canal is the

A

upper esophageal sphincter

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34
Q

which nervous system primarily controls and increases salivation

A

parasympathetic

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35
Q

when does the prenatal period begin?

A

conception

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36
Q

what structure implants in, or attaches to, the endometrium of the uterus

A

blastocyst

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37
Q

the fusion of a sperm cell and secondary oocyte is known as

A

fertilization

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38
Q

where does fertilization usually occur

A

ampulla of the uterine tube

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39
Q

what follows immediately after fertilization

A

process of division called cleavage

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40
Q

after fertilization, a zygote rapidly divides to produce small, genetically identical cells known as

A

blastomeres

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41
Q

which part of the embryo contributes to the fetal portion of the placenta?

A

Trophoblast

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42
Q

the 16 cell stage is known as the

A

morula

43
Q

which of the following releases hCG

A

syncytio-trophoblast

44
Q

in humans, from which extraembryonic membrane will the first blood cells arise?

A

yolk sac

45
Q

what process starts at the embryonic period

A

gastrulation

46
Q

what derm is the inner germ layer

A

endoderm

47
Q

what connects the placenta to the fetus

A

Umbilical cord

48
Q

a positive feedback mechanism initiates the rhythmic contractions of labor. determine the hormones involved in this feedback loop

A

oxytocin and prostaglandins

49
Q

Krista is having difficulty with the progression of her labor. Her OB administers a hormone to assist with her uterine contractions. This hormone is a synthetic version of

A

oxytocin

50
Q

parturition is AKA

A

childbirth

51
Q

labor progresses through the following 3 stages

A

dilation

expulsion

placental

52
Q

name the phase of the ovarian cycle during which several primary follicles mature into secondary follicles?

A

follicular stage/phase

53
Q

What contributes to the fetal portion of the placenta?

A

Chorionic villi

54
Q

which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach?

A

gastrin

55
Q

which segment of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach?

A

duodenum

56
Q

what is the final segment of the small intestine?

A

ileum

57
Q

name the structures that increases surface area in the small intestine?

A

circular folds, microvilli, villi

58
Q

which modification of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination?

A

microvilli

59
Q

which process, known as intestinal churning, involves a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?

A

segmentation

60
Q

which nervous system controls the migrating motor complex of the small intestine?

A

enteric nervous system

61
Q

at the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the

A

descending colon

62
Q

the pancreatic juices transported in the main pancreatic duct are destined for the

A

duodenum

63
Q

acinar cells of the pancreas release

A

cholecytsokinin

64
Q

which hormone stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

65
Q

what cells compose the liver lobules

A

hepatocytes

66
Q

what liver secretion is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum

A

bile

67
Q

what enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose

A

lactase

68
Q

Cherise is lactose-intolerant because she produces insufficient amounts of an enzyme called

A

lactase

69
Q

what creates the taeniae coli

A

longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa

70
Q

which of the following operates voluntarily and is controlled by the cerebral cortex?

A

external anal sphincter

71
Q

the first portion of the large intestine is the

A

cecum

72
Q

what is the primary effect of gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)

A

inhibition of acid in parietal cells

73
Q

what does the gastric pacemaker regulate

A

churning and peristalsis of the stomach

74
Q

what is accomplished by the enterogastric reflex

A

decreases vagal activity and acid secretion of the stomach

75
Q

the digestion of which food group may be affected by an inadequate amount of stomach acid

A

proteins

76
Q

which cranial nerve stimulates acid secretion during the stomach’s gastric phase

A

vagus

77
Q

which process is not a main function of the stomach

A

absorption

78
Q

what enzyme catalyzes reactions that initiate carb digestion?

A

salivary amylase

79
Q

Which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach?

A

Gastrin

80
Q

Which segment of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach?

A

Duodenum

81
Q

What is the final segment of the small intestine?

A

Ileum

82
Q

Name the structures that increases surface area in the small intestine?

A

Circular folds
Microvilli
Villi

83
Q

Which modification of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination?

A

Microvilli

84
Q

Which process, known as intestinal churning, involves a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?

A

Segmentation

85
Q

Which nervous system controls the migrating motor complex of the small intestine?

A

Enteric nervous system

86
Q

At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the:

A

Descending colon

87
Q

The pancreatic juices transported in the main pancreatic duct are destined for the:

A

Duodenum

88
Q

Acinar cells of the pancreas release:

A

cholecystokinin

89
Q

Which hormone stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

90
Q

What cells compose the liver lobules?

A

Hepatocytes

91
Q

What liver secretion is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum?

A

Bile

92
Q

What enzyme catalyzes reactions that initiate carbohydrate digestion?

A

Salivary amylase

93
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose?

A

Lactase

94
Q

Cherise is lactose-intolerant because she produces insufficient amounts of an enzyme called:

A

Lactase

95
Q

What creates the taeniae coli?

A

Longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa

96
Q

Which of the following operates voluntarily and is controlled by the cerebral cortex?

A

External anal sphincter

97
Q

The first portion of the large intestine is the:

A

Cecum

98
Q

What is the primary effect of gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)?

A

Inhibition of acid in parietal cells

99
Q

What does the gastric pacemaker regulate?

A

Churning and peristalsis of the stomach

100
Q

What is accomplished by the enterogastric reflex?

A

Decreases vagal activity and acid secretion of the stomach

101
Q

The digestion of which food group may be affected by an inadequate amount of stomach acid?

A

Proteins

102
Q

Which cranial nerve stimulates acid secretion during the stomach’s gastric phase?

A

Vagus

103
Q

Which process is NOT a main function of the stomach?

A

Absorption

A&P II (7 decks)

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