Urinary system Flashcards
a cloudy urinalysis indicates
presence of Ig amts protein, blood cells, bacteria and pus
a dark color urinalysis indicates
hematuria (blood), XS bilirubin, high concentration of urine
unpleasant unusual odor in urinalysis indicates
infection
renal diseases are classified by
- glomerular disease
- tubular disease
- interstitial tissue damage
- vascular disease
glomerular diseases are characterized by
abnormalities in glomerular function due to damage to epithelium (podocytes), basement membrane, capillary endothelium, mesangium
if podocytes are damaged what occurs
proteinuria thus nephrotic
if endothelial cells and GBM is damaged what occurs
hematuria and abnormal renal function thus nephritic
nephrotic syndrome has what clinical manifestations
- massive proteinuria (protein loss of 3.5 gm)
- hypoalbiuminemia (plasma levels less than 3 gm)
- generalized edema
- hyperlipidemia and lipiduria
the most frequent systemic causes of nephrotic syndrome are
- diabetes mellitus
- amyloidosis
- SLE (systemic lupus erythrocytematous )
most important primary glomerular lesions that lead to nephritic syndrome
- focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis
- minimal change disease
- membranous nephropathy
- membranoproliferative GN
nephritic syndrome has what clinical manifestations
- hematuria
- oliguria with azotemia
- hypertension
the most frequent cause of nephritic syndrome are
SLE and acute post infectious GN
the most important primary glomerular lesions that lead to nephrotic syndrome are
- acute postfectious GN
- IgA nephropathy (berger disease)
- rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
glomerular diseases present with varying combinations of the following
- proteinuria
- hematuria
- pyruia
- reduced glomerular filtration rate
- reduced excretion of sodium
tubulo-interstitial disease include what
- acute tubular necrosis
- acute interstitial nephritis
- chronic interstitial nephritis
acute tubular necrosis is caused by
ischemic or toxic necrosis of tubular cells
tubulointerstitial necrosis is caused by
inflammatory reactions involving tubules or interstitium
acute tubular necrosis is characterized by
- acute reduction in renal function with tubular injury
- urine flow falls within 24 hrs
most common cause of acute renal failure
two main caustative factors for acute tubular necrosis are
- ischemic tubular necorsis from failure of renal perfusion
- toxic causes from injury to proxial tubules
ischemic tubular necrosis results from
- prolonged hypertension
- hypovolemia in shock
- blood loss
toxic causes result from
drugs, toxins, endogenous products
pre renal failure is caused by ____ due to ____
transient renal hypo perfusion; hypotension, decreased cardiac output, decreased effective arterial blood volume
post renal failure is due to
obstruction of the urinary tract
intrinsic renal failure includes what
- acute glomerulonephritis
- acute interstitial nephritis
- acute tubular necrosis
