Urinary system

Question 1

a cloudy urinalysis indicates

Answer 1

presence of Ig amts protein, blood cells, bacteria and pus

Question 2

a dark color urinalysis indicates

Answer 2

hematuria (blood), XS bilirubin, high concentration of urine

Question 3

unpleasant unusual odor in urinalysis indicates

Answer 3

infection

Question 4

renal diseases are classified by

Answer 4

1. glomerular disease
2. tubular disease
3. interstitial tissue damage
4. vascular disease

Question 5

glomerular diseases are characterized by

Answer 5

abnormalities in glomerular function due to damage to epithelium (podocytes), basement membrane, capillary endothelium, mesangium

Question 6

if podocytes are damaged what occurs

Answer 6

proteinuria thus nephrotic

Question 7

if endothelial cells and GBM is damaged what occurs

Answer 7

hematuria and abnormal renal function thus nephritic

Question 8

nephrotic syndrome has what clinical manifestations

Answer 8

1. massive proteinuria (protein loss of 3.5 gm)
2. hypoalbiuminemia (plasma levels less than 3 gm)
3. generalized edema
4. hyperlipidemia and lipiduria

Question 9

the most frequent systemic causes of nephrotic syndrome are

Answer 9

• diabetes mellitus
• amyloidosis
• SLE (systemic lupus erythrocytematous )

Question 10

most important primary glomerular lesions that lead to nephritic syndrome

Answer 10

1. focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis
2. minimal change disease
3. membranous nephropathy
4. membranoproliferative GN

Question 11

nephritic syndrome has what clinical manifestations

Answer 11

1. hematuria
2. oliguria with azotemia
3. hypertension

Question 12

the most frequent cause of nephritic syndrome are

Answer 12

SLE and acute post infectious GN

Question 13

the most important primary glomerular lesions that lead to nephrotic syndrome are

Answer 13

1. acute postfectious GN
2. IgA nephropathy (berger disease)
3. rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Question 14

glomerular diseases present with varying combinations of the following

Answer 14

• proteinuria
• hematuria
• pyruia
• reduced glomerular filtration rate
• reduced excretion of sodium

Question 15

tubulo-interstitial disease include what

Answer 15

• acute tubular necrosis
• acute interstitial nephritis
• chronic interstitial nephritis

Question 16

acute tubular necrosis is caused by

Answer 16

ischemic or toxic necrosis of tubular cells

Question 17

tubulointerstitial necrosis is caused by

Answer 17

inflammatory reactions involving tubules or interstitium

Question 18

acute tubular necrosis is characterized by

Answer 18

• acute reduction in renal function with tubular injury
• urine flow falls within 24 hrs

most common cause of acute renal failure

Question 19

two main caustative factors for acute tubular necrosis are

Answer 19

1. ischemic tubular necorsis from failure of renal perfusion
2. toxic causes from injury to proxial tubules

Question 20

ischemic tubular necrosis results from

Answer 20

• prolonged hypertension
• hypovolemia in shock
• blood loss

Question 21

toxic causes result from

Answer 21

drugs, toxins, endogenous products

Question 22

pre renal failure is caused by ____ due to ____

Answer 22

transient renal hypo perfusion; hypotension, decreased cardiac output, decreased effective arterial blood volume

Question 23

post renal failure is due to

Answer 23

obstruction of the urinary tract

Question 24

intrinsic renal failure includes what

Answer 24

• acute glomerulonephritis
• acute interstitial nephritis
• acute tubular necrosis

Question 25

what are the stages of acute renal failure

Answer 25

• initiating phase (symptoms appear)
• oliguric phage (1-7 of initiating phase)
• diuretic phase (10-12 days onset oliguric phase)
• recovery (1-12 months)

Question 26

what are the clinical manifestations of renal disease

Answer 26

• azotemia
• uremia

Question 27

the highest etiological cause of chronic renal failure is

Answer 27

type 2 diabetes, followed by high blood pressure

Question 28

common signs of kidney stones are

Answer 28

• straining when urinating
• blood in urine
• incontinence
• frequent need to urinate
• decreased urine flow
• licking around genital area