Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pathophysiology > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

high BP, high LDL, cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

arteriosclerosis vs atherosclerosis

A

arteriosclerosis: general term to describe narrowing and loss of elasticity of arteries
atherosclerosis: narrowing of blood vessel due to plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is angia

A

chest pain caused from reduced blood flow to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is myocardial infarction

A

blocking of blood to heart
- sudden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

EKG for myocardial infarction

A
  • ST elevation
  • decreased R wave
  • Q wave deeper
  • T wave inverted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

left sided vs right sided heart failure

A

-left sided causes: COPD, tricuspid regurgitation, right ventricular infarction
-right sided causes: left ventricular infarction, hypertension, aortic stenosis
- Left sided symptoms: pulmonary edema
- right sided symptoms: peripheral edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

difference in left vs right ventricular hypertrophy

A

right: caused by problems in lungs
left: due to high BP or issue with aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is hypertension

A

-force of blood against artery wall too high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

differences in valvular insufficiency and valvular stenosis and examples

A
  • valvular insufficiency: inefficient blood circulation causing back flow
  • valvular stenosis: prevents valve from opening fully (more work)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is iron deficiency anemia

A
  • body stores of iron low
  • from poor diet, bleeding, loss of iron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is aplastic anemia

A
  • disease where bone marrow and blood stem cells damaged
  • causes deficiency in all three blood cell types
  • acquired most common
    drugs and inherited
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is multiple myeloma

A
  • cancer that develops from plasma cells in bone marrow
  • caused from old age (over 65)
  • men more affected
  • radiation exposure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is asbestosis

A
  • lung disease for inhalation of asbestos
  • marked by severe fibrosis and risk for mesothelioma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is silicosis

A
  • type of pulmonary fibrosis from breathing in bits of silica
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is pneumothorax

A
  • presence of air prevent expansion of lung leading to atelectasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is paraenoplastic syndrome

A
  • symptoms caused by tumor
  • causes hypercalcemia of malignancy in squamous cell carincoma and SIADH in small cell lung cancer
  • symptoms: fever, night sweats, anorexia, and cachexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

compare restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disease

A
  • restrictive: reduction in lung volume. causes scoliosis, obesity , interstitial lung disease
  • obstructive: reduction in airflow. causes COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

comparison between emphysema and chronic bronchitits

A

emphysema: destruction and enlargement of alveoli
chronic bronchitis: chronic cough with phlegm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PaO2 and PaCO2 in respiratory failure

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

differences between intrinsic and extrinsic asthma

A
  • intrinsic: later in adulthood, no family history, no allergens, caused by respiratory infection emotional reaction, exercise
  • extrinsic: in childhood, family history, hypersensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

compare hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

A
22
Q

what is HbA1c test

A

blood test that shows blood sugar for last 2 months

23
Q
  • Hyperfunction of anteriopituitary gland leads to
  • hyper function of posterior pituitary gland leads to
  • hypo function of anteriorpituitary leads to
  • hypo function of posterior pituitary leads to
A
  • acromegaly (adults) and gigantism
  • SIADH
  • seehan syndrome and dwarfism
  • diabetes insipidus
24
Q

what is diabetes insipidus

A

lack of antidiuretic hormone (can’t reabsorb water)
- causes polyuria
- polydipsia

25
Q

what is Sheehan’s syndrome

A

aka postpartum pituitary necrosis from postpartum hemorrhage
- adrenal deficiency, inability to breast-feed, lack of prolactin, loss of menstrual cycle

26
Q

what is Addisons disease

A

when there is XS ACTH and low cortisol and aldosterone
- symptoms: bronze skin, hypoglycemia, GI disturbances, weakness, weight loss

27
Q

what is goiter; etiology

A

when thyroid gland is enlarged
nontoxic goiter from hyperfunction nodule in goiter
- caused from lack of iodine in diet

28
Q

what is cholecytisis

A

redness and swelling of gallbladder
- from bile blocked due to gallstones

29
Q

what is pancreatic cancer

A
  • causes: smoking, animal fat diet, diabetes, alcohol consumption
  • symptoms: jaundice, upper abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness
30
Q

what is hepatocellular carinoma

A
  • cancer of hepatocyte
  • caused by HBV HCV, chronic alcoholism, food contaminants, non alcoholic steopheptitis
31
Q

what is inflammatory bowel syndrome

A

autoimmune disease that cause malabsorption
- can cause crohns disease or ulcerative colitis

32
Q

acute and chronic complications of GI disease

A
  • acute complications caused by dehydration, sepsis, and bleeding
  • chronic complications from malabsorption
33
Q

Gastritis vs peptic ulcer- H. pylori

A
  • gastritis caused from low acid production
  • peptic ulcer from high acid production
34
Q

define: melena, hemaotcheiza, hematoemsis, hemoptysis, and jaundine

A

melena: loose black stool
hematocheiza: bright red blood per rectum
hematomesis: vomiting of blood
hemoptysis: coughing up blood
jaundice: yellowish discoloration of skin from increased bilirubin

35
Q

compare crohns disease vs ulcerative colitis

A
  • crohns disease affects entire GI tract, in patches, transmural affecting multiple layers
  • ulcerative colitis affects colon and rectum, continuous, and affects inner most layer
36
Q

what is gastric adenocarinoma

A

affects cells that produce mucus
- risk factors are men older than 55, genes, family history, obesity, smoking, H pylori infection

37
Q

what is peptic acid disease

A
  • characterized by discontinuation in the inner lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract because of gastric acid secretion or pepsin
38
Q

what is gastroparesis

A

motility disorder of the stomach

39
Q

normal kidney function are

A
  • remove toxic waste products
  • remove XS water and salt
  • control BP
  • produce epo
  • help keep calcium and phosphate
  • maintain proper pH
40
Q

azotemia vs uremia

A
  • azotemia: elevation, or buildup of, nitrogenous products, creatinine in the blood
  • uremia: raised level in the blood of urea and other nitrogenous waste compounds that are normally eliminated by the kidneys.
  • Azotemia is when there’s nitrogen in your blood. Uremia occurs when there’s urea in your blood.
41
Q

acute tubular necrosis is

A

ischemic or toxic necrosis of cells
- reduction of renal function and urine flow
- azotemia, ascitis, pulmonary edema, oliguria
- caused by nephrotoxic agents, prolonged renal hypo perfusion

42
Q

compare nephrotic syndrome vs nephritic syndrome

A

nephrotic: massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria
nephritic: hematuria, oliguria with azotemia, hypertension

43
Q

what is pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of kidney due to bacterial infection
- caused by UTI that starts at urethra or bladder and travels to kidney
- fever, frequent urination, pain

44
Q

acute renal failure vs chronic renal failure

A

acute: within hours/days and caused by trauma, acute intoxication, part of multi organ failure, infection
chronic: develops within years caused by high BP/diabetes, chronic bacterial inflammation, cystic kidneys, autoimmune disease

45
Q

what is urinary bladder caricnoma

A
46
Q

difference in pre renal, renal and post renal acute kidney failure

A

pre renal: caused by hypoperfusion from hypotension, decreased CO, decreased effective arterial blood
post renal: due to obstruction of urinary tract
renal: inflammation of glomerular, allergic reaction to drugs

47
Q

what is hydronephorsis

A

Distension of the kidney and atrophy of the parenchyma due to accumulation of urine in the renal pelvis, usually due to obstruction of outflow of urine

48
Q

UTI etiology

A
  • E. coli
  • hospital infection and instrumentation
  • fungi in immunopromised
  • candida in preterm
49
Q

clinical manifestations of UTI

A
  • enuresis, frequency, dysuria, flank pain, fever
50
Q

normal components of urine

A
  • water, urea, ions

pathophysiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions